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In what measure could education be an agent of African freedom? Combining histories of race, economics, and education, Elisa Prosperetti examines this question in two West African contexts, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, from the 1890s to the 1980s. She argues that a Black Atlantic perspective changes how we see decolonization and development in West Africa, by revealing schooling's essential role in aspirations of African emancipation. Rejecting colonial exploitation of the African body, proponents of anticolonial development instead claimed the mind as the site of economic productivity for African people. An Anticolonial Development shows how, in the middle of the twentieth century, Africans proposed an original understanding of development that fused antiracism to economic theory, and human dignity to material productivity.
This Element explores the evolutionary role of small groups as key actors in shaping human adaptability, resilience, and societal development. Drawing on cultural evolutionary theory and interdisciplinary scholarship, it illuminates the world-making and transformative capacities of small groups as primary agents of cooperative communication, cultural innovation, and transmission. Through historical and contemporary case studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, it examines how small groups function both as catalysts for moral imagination, cooperation, and democratic renewal, and as drivers of destructive ideologies and social disintegration. The study also reassesses the relevance of evolutionary insights for addressing the major crises of the twenty-first century. By critically engaging with foundational thinkers and ongoing debates on democratic and institutional innovation, this Element offers insights for scholars, policymakers, and civic actors committed to empowering communities and countering authoritarian regression.
Opera Remixed critically examines operatic hybridity and considers the opportunities and challenges of disrupting traditional paradigms of classical singing. Accounts of crossover forms like 'popera' and musical theatre explore alternative approaches to operatic vocality, examining how entrenched genre ideologies are challenged by creative agents, practices, and technologies at work near opera's borders. To illustrate these dynamics, the second half of the Element presents a case study of operatic arias reimagined for TikTok as one possible blueprint for how opera might embrace innovation and 'remix' itself for a contemporary audience. Opera Remixed concludes with a critique of the elitist traditions that hinder opera's capacity for renewal, arguing that the art form will only be able to embrace a truly inclusive future by relinquishing constraints of canonical purity.
The Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis) are an extinct human species closely related to modern humans. They have the most extensive and well-documented fossil record of any fossil human group, allowing for a detailed understanding of their skeletal anatomy. This book offers a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on Neandertals, presenting an in-depth exploration of their paleobiology through both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Contributions from leading experts provide detailed examinations of specific anatomical regions, ensuring authoritative and meticulously researched content. Each chapter integrates cutting-edge findings, drawing from extensive research and publication histories. This volume serves as an essential resource for advanced students, scholars, and professionals in anthropology, paleontology, and related fields. Whether as a comprehensive reference or a teaching tool, it is indispensable for those interested in the intricate study of Neandertal anatomy, evolution, and their place in human history.
Religion and spirituality in the family is a burgeoning field of inquiry. This Element begins by providing basic definitions, theoretical underpinnings, and common assessments of religion and spirituality (R/S) within the family. The authors also examine individuals' religious and spiritual (R/S) landscapes in relation to family functioning, and then consider positive psychology dimensions such as gratitude, humility, compassion, and forgiveness within the context of family members' religiousness and spirituality. Finally, interventions focused on R/S in the family unit and children's medical complications in relation to R/S factors and familial functioning are discussed. Conclusions include recommendations for future research and clinical practice to support families via an R/S lens.
The doctrine of divine simplicity is an important element of major monotheistic religions; not only Islamic and Jewish but also Christian theologians have affirmed and defended the doctrine. However, the historic doctrine is the subject of intense debate within these traditions. Historic expressions of the doctrine are surveyed, important objections are considered, and arguments in favor of the doctrine are summarized.
Many think that reality is structured such that some beings are more fundamental than others and characterize this structure in terms of 'grounding.' Grounding is typically regarded as explanatory and as exhibiting certain order-theoretic properties: asymmetry, irreflexivity, and transitivity. Aristotle's notion of ontological priority, which inspired discussions of grounding, also has these features. This Element clarifies Aristotle's discussions of ontological priority, explores how it relates to other kinds of priority, and identifies important connections to metaphysical grounding. Aristotle provides numerous examples that appear to impugn ontological priority's order-theoretic coherence. This is Aristotle's 'Priority Problem.' But Aristotle has an independently motivated solution that eliminates the threat from each of the apparently problematic examples and explains why such examples are ubiquitous. The Element argues that a ground-theoretic analog of Aristotle's solution to the Priority Problem addresses recent challenges to grounding.
This Element explores multilingual university spaces and decoloniality, critically examining how coloniality and neoliberalism intersect. While neoliberal language policies aim to equip students with English as a 'lingua academia', critical issues relating to students' translingual identities and belonging are often overlooked. Empirical data are shared from a linguistic landscape study involving a walking ethnography of a university educationscape in the United Arab Emirates, whereby Emirati students share insights on signage and spaces as 'intertextual products' connected to (un)belonging. Data are analysed through thematic and nexus analysis with main themes including the dominance of English, imbalanced bilingualism, bottom-up translanguaging, everyday nationalism, and sticky places and objects. Findings are discussed in relation to the study setting and other global contexts. The Element closes with practical suggestions on decolonising action relevant to a range of multilingual university spaces and future research directions.
For more than half a century, dualities have been at the heart of modern physics. From quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity, dualities have proven useful in solving problems that are otherwise quite intractable. Being surprising and unexpected, dualities have been taken to raise philosophical questions about the nature and formulation of scientific theories, scientific realism, emergence, symmetries, explanation, understanding, and theory construction. This Element discusses what dualities are, gives a selection of examples, explores the themes and roles that make dualities interesting, and highlights their most salient types. It aims to be an entry point into discussions of dualities in both physics and philosophy. The philosophical discussion emphasises three main topics: whether duals are theoretically equivalent, the view of scientific theories that is suggested by dualities (namely, a geometric view of theories) and the compatibility between duality and emergence.
A central question in equivariant algebraic K-theory asks whether there exists an equivariant K-theory machine from genuine symmetric monoidal G-categories to orthogonal G-spectra that preserves equivariant algebraic structures. This book answers this question positively by constructing an enriched multifunctor from the G-categorically enriched multicategory of O-pseudoalgebras to the symmetric monoidal category of orthogonal G-spectra, for a compact Lie group G and a 1-connected pseudo-commutative G-categorical operad O. As the main application of its enriched multifunctoriality, this machine preserves all equivariant algebraic structures parametrized by multicategories enriched in either G-spaces or G-categories. In addition to highly detailed proofs of all the main results, this work also reviews relevant concepts, including orthogonal G-spectra. Appendices provide the necessary background on symmetric monoidal categories, multicategories, and classifying space. Clearly written and well organized, this book will be a useful reference for researchers and graduate students for years to come.
How has Indian public opinion toward the United States, China, and Russia/USSR evolved from the 1950s to the present and to what extent does it shape foreign policy? This Element assembles and analyzes more than sixty years of survey data, including newly recovered United States Information Agency–funded polls from the Indian Institute of Public Opinion as well as contemporary nationally representative surveys from Pew, Gallup, and others. The authors use the data to examine long-run trends, short-term reactions to shocks, and the domestic cleavages that structure opinion. They argue that Indian public attitudes are more coherent and responsive to international events than commonly assumed, yet are unequally voiced across socioeconomic groups. The findings speak both to India-specific debates about democracy and foreign policy and to broader international relations theories of public opinion, accountability, and major power politics.
This Element focuses on the historiography of Christian origins from the mid-19th century to the present. It argues that this historiography is shaped by two factors: the theories and ideas that prevailed in the historians' own eras; and the views about Jews and Judaism in predominantly Christian societies. In the mid-19th century, the Great Man theory, developed by Thomas Carlyle, fostered debates about which Great Man - Jesus or Paul - founded Christianity. In the late 19th century, evolutionary theory, especially as developed by Charles Darwin, helped shape narratives about the evolution of Christianity out of, or away from, Judaism. After 1945, Holocaust theory prompted historians to reconsider the implicit and explicit anti-Judaism of earlier views. From the late 20th century to the present, postmodern theory challenged metanarratives and binaries – such as Judaism/Christianity – and the very attempt to arrive at a comprehensive and linear account of Christian origins.
'Using Generative AI in Historical Practice' argues that generative models are reshaping historical scholarship. Rejecting medium - and long -term speculation, it focuses on near-term practice: how historians can use AI now to augment their research through context-aware dialogue, semantic search, network visualization, multimodal source analysis, and code-assisted workflows. It details methods for context management, task design, and response structure, while warning against cognitive offloading and model bias. While it offers a variety of novel methodologies, the book insists on the indispensability of human agency and taste. Case studies range from Augustine of Hippo to early cinematography, demonstrating the possibilities and limits of generative AI. It concludes with a call to historians to engage with the technology critically and productively, reimagining AI-assisted scholarship without surrendering disciplinary standards and aims.
This Element investigates the challenges and possibilities of writing histories of trauma. Interpreting trauma as not only an event but also as an analytical framework and an apparatus for working on suffering, it explores how the historiography of trauma intersects with pressing matters of postcolonialism, historical subjectivity, and modernity. It is designed to illuminate the pressing theoretical matters that histories of trauma touch upon, whether explicitly or implicitly. Drawing from histories of trauma as well as foundational theoretical work in literary studies and memory studies, it argues that thinking traumatic histories requires a commitment on the part of historians to theoretical self-reflexivity, to querying not just the past or the archive for the traces of trauma, but the concept itself in its historical and historiographical modulations.
This Element outlines the foundational concepts and key applications of humanistic management and leadership. It focuses on the key concepts of protecting dignity and promoting well-being. It provides a humanistically grounded, scientifically backed paradigm for better organizing at the level of individual, relation, team, organization, society and nature. It provides real world examples of organizations and companies that practice humanistic management and leadership and create outstanding value for all stakeholders.
This Element examines the origins, development, and prospects of forensic linguistics in Indonesia, drawing on a survey of 53 participants and a systematic review of studies from 2011 to 2023. Emerging from early language-related cases in the Old Order era and initially driven by scholars trained abroad, the field has grown through research, collaboration, and academic integration. Key topics include justice sector needs, linguistic diversity, standardization, and institutional strengthening. Despite limited capacity-building, training initiatives have enhanced the field's visibility. The Element outlines challenges and opportunities for advancing forensic linguistics' role in legal reform and fair justice, making it a valuable reference for scholars and practitioners.
Recognizing religion in global politics is neither neutral nor benign. This book reveals how recognition operates to reinforce hierarchies, reify religious difference, and deepen political divisions. Maria Birnbaum reframes religion as a historically contingent category of knowledge and governance. She shifts the question from whether religion should be recognized to how it becomes recognizable. Through the entangled imperial histories of British India and Mandate Palestine, the book traces how colonial and anti-colonial governmental logics shaped the politics of religious minorities, representation, and border-making-dynamics that continue to shape postcolonial states like Pakistan and Israel. Offering a timely critique of the epistemic assumptions underpinning global discourses on religion, sovereignty, and political order, Before Recognition challenges conventional understandings of religion in international relations. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Medieval authors commonly imagined humanity as the only animal that possessed the rational-discursive faculty: the ability to think rationally and speak in words. But what was the true nature of the relationship between reason, speech, and species identity in medieval thought – and what can the material traces of authors' efforts to find an answer reveal about how humans have constructed their identities in relation to other animals? In the first book-length, interdisciplinary study of animals and reason in the Middle Ages, Joseph R. Johnson investigates a range of medieval genres in French, Latin, and Occitan: literary works, biblical texts, philosophical and theological treatises, and more. Leveraging an experimental methodology to examine fine-grained details in the handwritten texts of medieval manuscripts, he argues that the concept of humanity as the only rational, speaking animal depended on the same process that destabilized it from within: the representation of species relationships in words.
The Cambridge Companion to World Trade Law offers expert but compact discussion of the diverse perspectives, enduring issues, and emergent challenges in the field. This volume offers a lively and thorough overview of the subject in all its dimensions. It takes stock of the state of the field of trade law without allowing current events to dominate key debates. It is intended to be appreciated not only by a legal audience as a collection of concise yet thoughtful reflective pieces, but also by readers across the fields of business, economics, finance, sociology, diplomacy, and international relations who may have no specialist trade law knowledge. It will appeal not only to the novice but also to the seasoned trade law expert who might wish to have at hand a single-volume compendium of current expert analysis across the different dimensions of trade law.
Paul's letter to the Colossian church addresses the challenges encountered by a Christian community living in the Hellenistic world. Shaped by folk religion, Hellenistic mystery religions, Roman imperial cults, and other trends, the community lived in fear of turmoil and oppression if they did not placate the right gods and practice the correct rituals. Colossians is Paul's salvo into this context. More than a forceful response to a single church, it was a missive that addressed Hellenistic spiritual tendencies and how Christ confronts them. Gary M. Burge's study of this letter explores the Roman context for Colossians and demonstrates how Paul's gospel would overturn the religious beliefs that affected their lives. He also interrogates Paul's overlooked letter to Philemon, which accompanied Colossians and in which Paul intervenes on behalf of a Christian runaway slave named Onesimus. His novel interpretation offers new insights into this situation and how it enables us to understand slavery today.