In Chapter 3, notions of kinship and family come to the fore. Once belonging had been articulated by the settlement laws, and moreover was seen to have been invested not only in individuals but in families, the question soon arose: who counted as ‘family’ for the purposes of the law? For example, when and under what circumstances would the status of ‘child’ expire? What would be the effects of marriage and remarriage? A study of legal sources helps distil the changing regulations – another unintended consequence of the settlement laws which affected millions, and echoes today. A case study concerning one woman illustrates the effects of the settlement laws on kinship and community relations. Local and regional samples suggest how the law was implemented in near and distant localities.

This chapter describes the history and development of English in Nigeria. Starting from first contacts with English-speaking traders in the sixteenth century, English was firmly implanted in Nigeria with the establishment of schools and British colonial rule during the nineteenth century. By 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain, but due to the multilingual nature of the country and the prestige accorded to English by many speakers, English continues to function until today as the preferred language for official and formal contexts. In Nigeria, English co-occurs with Nigerian Pidgin and about five hundred indigenous Nigerian languages, which all have been shown to influence its use. This has resulted into the domestication and acculturation of English in Nigeria, leading to a distinctive variety of English called Nigerian English, which has characteristic lexical, phonological, morphosyntactic and discourse-pragmatic features and which can be divided into several sub-varieties based on speakers’ ethnicity and educational status.

Following World War I, the regulation of submarines was manifested in several signature developments that are discussed in this chapter. Following disarmament requirements in the Treaty of Versailles, the major powers further sought to limit armaments, especially submarines, through the negotiation of the 1922 Submarine Treaty and the 1930 London Naval Treaty. These agreements purported to restrict the number of submarines and other naval vessels held by any one State, but were ultimately unsuccessful. Also in the inter-war period, agreement was sought on the regulation of the Turkish Straits, with restrictions imposed on Turkey’s control over these waters and stipulating what vessels were allowed passage and under what conditions. Finally, the 1930 Hague Codification Conference entailed detailed discussions over the rights of warships, submarines and other vessels in the territorial sea. While this conference did not lead to the adoption of a treaty, the work achieved influenced subsequent codification efforts.

Australia has a comparatively recent history of European settlement and English language development. Yet, it is already quite distinct. The different mixes of original dialects that came in during the early years, as well as the physical separation from other English-speaking regions, have allowed this distinctiveness to flourish. Regional variation within Australian English is still minor compared to other varieties, although local differences have been increasing. Contact with languages other than English has also been adding to the complex multilinguistic reality that is modern-day Australia. Recent years mark the rise of new multicultural identities for Australian English speakers in the form of migrant ethnolects and varieties of Aboriginal English. Such ethnically marked ways of speaking are no longer the consequence of second language learning but relate to attitudes around identity and cultural heritage.

Before engaging in this analysis, it is imperative to explain a few terms for the convenience and benefit of general readers.

In political science, the word ‘state’, whose counterpart in our language is riyāsat, is applied to the system that controls, through its ‘coercive power’ [English term in text; Urdu qāhirānah ṭāqat], a people living in a defined geographical boundary. On the one hand, there exists a coercive power and, on the other, obedience to it. When the two coincide, the organizational arrangement that is called the state or riyāsat emerges.

There were two basic types of aircraft engines during the interwar years: the inline water/liquid-cooled type, and the radial air-cooled type. The two types were developed independently and successfully, usually by different companies. This rivalry saw one type or the other in competition for funds and research interest, which tended to retard developmental growth. In addition, two key technologies were crucial to engine development – supercharging and high-octane gasoline – but both of these were developed separately from the engine builders themselves. This resulted in development not being overly responsive to the parent concerns. The position of the commercial aviation industry – which placed emphasis on durability, reliability, and cost effectiveness – was important because its goals were not the same as those of the Air Corps that sought high performance.

Let us try first to understand what ribā, or ‘interest’, is, according to the Quran and the Sunnah. What are its parameters? What are the specific cases on which the injunctions regarding its prohibition apply? What are the alternatives that Islam offers for the economic well-being of man, and how would it like to resolve economic problems?

This chapter illustrates how gender is integral to Pater’s aesthetic philosophy and its subversive potential. It explains that renewal and rebirth were strongly gendered concepts in the Victorian period, showing that Pater’s understanding of sex and gender form a vital basis for the aesthetic philosophy he constructs across his literary oeuvre, a basis that revolves around metaphors of pregnancy and childbirth. It then develops an examination of how Pater reworks traditional Victorian gender categories to his ideas of renaissance and aestheticism in two sections: first, it shows how Pater’s concept of the renaissance is defined by a consistent metaphor of female reproductive biology, with attention to his figures of Demeter, Persephone, and Mona Lisa; second, it shows how Pater’s male figures create aesthetic meaning for these matrilineal cycles, with attention to Plato.

This chapter explores multi-body scattering in quantum integrable models, emphasizing the emergence of Factorized Scattering Theory. The presence of an extensive set of conservation laws ensures the non-diffractive nature of scattering, leading to a distinctive form of the asymptotic wave function – known as the Bethe wave function – as a linear superposition of plane waves. Elementary scattering events, such as reflection and transmission, are described by Yang’s scattering operators and the two-body S-matrix. The multi-body S-matrix is then expressed as an ordered product of two-body S-matrices, with order-independence guaranteed by the Yang–Baxter equation. To illustrate these ideas, the Lieb–Liniger model for distinguishable particles is introduced. The chapter also examines general symmetry constraints on the Bethe wave function imposed by quantum statistics.

Written in 1940, Maududi’s book Pardah was immediately controversial and remains so to date. Here Maududi made an argument for the segregation of the sexes that included, but was not limited to, the requirement of veiling by women. Refuting progressive arguments explicitly and drawing upon mostly American scholarship in the fields of medicine and biology, Maududi linked the end of gender segregation to capitalism, the commodification of women’s labour and a wider civilizational decline to argue that gender equality should not mean substitutability.

Australian Aboriginal English (henceforth ‘AE’) is an enregistered contact-based variety spoken by over 80 per cent of First Nations people in Australia. AE has been observed to differ systematically from standardised Australian English across levels of linguistic structure, and is usually placed on a continuum ranging from ‘light’ (acrolectal) varieties to ‘heavy’ (basilectal) varieties. The ‘light’ varieties are closest to standardised Australian English; the ‘heavy’ varieties are sometimes closer to Kriol, an English-lexified creole language spoken across northern Australia. Across the continuum, AE is distinctive for its group focus and its cultural connection with storytelling. This chapter outlines some of the distinctive linguistic features of AE, embracing a culturally appropriate methodology in which a corpus of data from group sessions has been collected under First Nations leadership. The recordings capture speakers in their home settings mostly in ‘Nyungar country’, in the Southwest of Western Australia, and are based on ‘yarning’, a First Nations cultural form of storytelling and conversation. We discuss the ways that the yarns collected in our corpus have allowed us to hear the voices of those seldom included in linguistic research and how hearing these yarns is allowing us to tell a different story.