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Reconceptualising language as a dynamic, relational, and embodied practice, this book explores the concept of languaging. Moving beyond static, standardised, and purified understandings of languages, it traces how communication is lived, contested, and embodied across urban, rural, and remote mobility, everyday encounters, classroom pedagogies, and digital platforms. Through critical analyses of First Knowledging and First Languaging, nomadic languaging and knowledging, racialised and AI-mediated communication, it highlights how languaging is both playful and precarious. It entails creativity and resistance, while also exposing language users to inequality and surveillance, and is deeply entangled with histories of colonialism, racial hierarchies, and displacement. Concluding with the concept of pedagogical languaging, the book calls for a reimagining of education as interactional design, rather than the delivery of standardised curricula, with learning environments where diverse semiotic repertoires - linguistic, embodied, cultural, and digital - are recognised as epistemic resources rather than treated as deficits.
Today, frenzy is the stuff of newspaper headlines. Five hundred years ago, it described a disease which could kill its sufferers within days. This book offers the first full-length study of frenzy, providing a fresh perspective on early modern understandings of mental illness, mind-body relations, and personhood. Frenzy was frightening not just because it killed its sufferers, but because it changed them beyond recognition. It gave the impression that what was then the most precious part of the person – the soul – was as easy to damage as the body. Frenzy in Early Modern England deepens and complicates our sense of what madness meant in this period, both to those who assigned the label, and to those who lived with it. This is an important intervention in the often-fragmented historiography of early modern madness, combining intellectual, social, and cultural history with the history of medicine.
The burgeoning field of differential equations on graphs has experienced significant growth in the past decade, propelled by the use of variational methods in imaging and by its applications in machine learning. This text provides a detailed overview of the subject, serving as a reference for researchers and as an introduction for graduate students wishing to get up to speed. The authors look through the lens of variational calculus and differential equations, with a particular focus on graph-Laplacian-based models and the graph Ginzburg-Landau functional. They explore the diverse applications, numerical challenges, and theoretical foundations of these models. A meticulously curated bibliography comprising approximately 800 references helps to contextualise this work within the broader academic landscape. While primarily a review, this text also incorporates some original research, extending or refining existing results and methods.
With a focus on nineteenth-century Cuba, Víctor Goldgel Carballo conceptualizes the analytical category of racial doubt: the hesitation produced by divergent, contradictory, or ambiguous understandings of race. Racial doubt is the flip side of racialism, or of the assumption that social hierarchies are based on the existence of races, imagined as natural or prior to those hierarchies. Mapping key moments of a century that witnessed the peak of racial slavery, abolition, and the birth of the Black press, this book shows how captives, free people of color, and Afro-Cuban authors leveraged doubts to overcome racist sociopolitical structures. It interweaves analyses of literature, including poems by enslaved authors and a novel by a mixed-race journalist, with unpublished archival material, including testimonies of kidnapped Afrodescendants. Focusing on how people held multiple views of race simultaneously, it examines debates crucial to the history of the Americas, including color-blindness and shifting understandings of Blackness.
The oil industry today sponsors dozens of citizen advocacy organizations. Often called 'front groups' or 'astroturf,' they have become key actors in fossil fuel companies' political efforts across the US and Canada. People for Oil digs into these groups and the day-to-day ways they shape our energy future. Drawing on interviews with pro-oil organizers and citizen joiners, Tim Wood explains why these groups form, why people join, and how these organizations intervene in governance. He shows that while we tend to think of all corporate grassroots mobilization as financially secretive, many campaigns today are openly sponsored and long-lasting. This allows industry lobbyists to stake a claim to representing citizen voice. By making sense of the backstage logics and affective politics of pro-oil organizing, People for Oil equips readers to better understand important new players in today's climate and energy politics.
Past climate fluctuations significantly shaped human ways of life. This Element reconstructs the Southern Levant climate (ca. 1300–300 BCE) using high-resolution, well-dated paleoclimate records. Results show a 150-year arid phase ending the Late Bronze Age, likely driving the collapse of eastern Mediterranean complex societies. The Iron Age I saw a return to humid climate conditions, fostering highland settlement expansion and supporting the rise of the biblical kingdoms. This was one of the region's most profound cycles of collapse and revival. During Iron Age II, climate conditions were moderate, similar to today. The Achaemenid period began with brief aridity, followed by renewed humidity. Pollen evidence, along with additional data such as charcoal remains, was employed to trace environmental changes, including variations in the composition of natural vegetation. Human impacts on the environment were also identified, including fruit tree cultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, the introduction of new plant species, and landscape terracing.
Monetary policy implementation refers to the mechanism for interbank payments, the set of administered interest rates, and the strategy for central bank actions designed to achieve an intermediate monetary policy goal – for example a target for an overnight nominal interest rate. This piece shows the implications of the Poole model – a common framework used to articulate ideas about monetary policy implementation – for corridor and floor systems of monetary policy implementation. A general equilibrium Poole-type dynamic model is also studied, which shows where Poole-type analysis can go wrong. Given current interest in how large central bank balance sheets and floor systems matter, the author also analyzes a general equilibrium model of quantitative easing and discusses issues with quantitative easing and monetary policy.
This Element's contribution explores the historiography of madness in the Modern era, including landmark publications in the overlapping fields of the history of psychiatry and the history of lunatic asylums. As this examination of almost 200 academic works will demonstrate, the field is vast and highly contested, with researchers sometimes disagreeing about the basic terms of analysis. Nevertheless, from Foucault to Fanon, from Goffman to Gilman, these debates about social and medical responses to madness have inspired some of the most influential academic scholarship of the twentieth century. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In multilevel governance systems, member states work together to address cross-border problems, yet people still lack a clear understanding of how and why their policies differ or converge. Existing research offers many explanations but often treats them separately or overstates the EU's independent influence. This Element brings these perspectives together in a single framework of policy dynamics. It distinguishes policy areas shaped mainly by EU institutions or member states, or by their interaction. It introduces an actor-centered typology of policy dynamics – stable patterns of actors, incentives, and mechanisms that shape policy over time. The Element shows that these dynamics matter only when governments, interest groups, and NGOs have the incentives, capacity, and leverage to build coalitions and pursue goals. The policy dynamics framework helps learners identify likely causal mechanisms and supports clearer comparison, explanation, and teaching of EU policymaking. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element adopts a psychosocial historical approach to explore the psychological functioning of Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of the Ptolemaic royal house. It investigates key themes that emerge from the data, including childhood trauma and displacement, sibling homicide, her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, her divinity, and her suicide. To examine these issues, the author uses a cultural psychological framework, supplemented with social, investigative, and lifespan developmental psychological models, to analyze each theme in depth. The Element also includes a critical examination of how Cleopatra's psychological functioning is presented in Roman sources, alongside a comparison with her self-presentation in both Egypt and Rome. When Cleopatra's actions are viewed within an appropriate cultural context, characteristics that are now associated with psychiatric disorders can be repositioned as appropriate cultural and executive responses.
The debate over the relative merits of adopting functional universal psychological principles, processes, and constructs (etics) versus particular structural idiosyncratic characteristics and behaviors distinct to specific cultural groups (emics) has been present in the anthropological and psychological literature for decades. Evident in the discussion is that the basic principles and processes tend to be universal, whereas theoretical concepts – and to a greater extent personal attributes, behavioral patterns, norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values – have an indigenous base. Recurring crises within the Euro-Meso-North-American scientific psychological tradition are traceable to the lack of cultural and eco-systemic sensitivity and an attempt to indiscriminately generalize findings across behavioral settings. Psychology requires an approach that integrates behavioral and cultural models for which an independent measure of structural sociocultural variables are included. The main argument presented within this manuscript is that the measurement of historic-sociocultural premises (norms and beliefs) achieve such a purpose.
Today's environmental decimation and climate crises have arisen from our drive for individual material prosperity. We even appreciate nature primarily for its fulfilment of our interests, whether economic productivity, aesthetic pleasure, or personal well-being. And yet, we still ask how we have reached this dire ecological condition and what it is that has kept us from acting effectively to maintain a thriving and diverse biosphere. This collection of essays by major scholars from around the world analyzes how the industrial, imperialist Victorian era gave rise to today's unwillingness to move beyond our acquisitive drive. But it also explores the Victorians' initiation of the modern environmentalist movement, formulation of the first legislation defending rights of nonhuman animals, and invention of literary forms for contesting environmental degradation. In this most unlikely of eras, the volume uncovers both valuable insights into the limitations of our own environmentalism and innovative suggestions for overcoming them.
The scientific study of consciousness features a vast array of conflicting theories, but cross-disciplinary exchange between researchers from different camps is not always prevalent. This book seeks to address these complexities by providing a thorough introduction to the field while remaining accessible to those new to the topic. By exploring empirical methods, surveying a variety of competing theories, and outlining challenges for current approaches, it equips readers with the tools to evaluate existing theories. It also showcases contributions from the originators and leading proponents of today's most influential theories, providing unparalleled depth and clarity into diverse theoretical perspectives. Offering a thorough overview of scientific consciousness studies, this book presents new perspectives on a topic that has long puzzled scientists and philosophers alike.
While Emerson's place in American literary history has remained secure, the New Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson draws on a wealth of recent Emerson scholarship which has highlighted his contemporary relevance for questions of philosophy and politics, ecology and science, poetics and aesthetics, or identity and race, and connects these to the key formal and interpretive issues at stake in understanding his work. The volume's contributors engage the full breadth of Emerson's writing, developing novel approaches to canonical works like Nature, the essays 'Self-Reliance' 'Experience,' or to his poetry and journals, and bringing critical attention to his lectures and to the long-overlooked texts of his later period. This New Cambridge Companion to Ralph Waldo Emerson thus both bears witness to the new Emersons that have emerged in the past decades, and draws a new circle in Emerson's reception.
Elizabeth Maconchy was one of the most prominent and successful composers of the twentieth century, a champion of contemporary music who composed chamber operas, choral music, orchestral works, a range of compositions and operas for children, and a highly-regarded series of string quartets. This collection explores her life and work, her Irishness and her formative years at the Royal College of Music. It examines her intersections with musical and cultural movements, and the persistent and insidious presence of sexism against which she presented a forceful, often humorous stance. There are chapters devoted to her important friendships with composers and teachers, interactions with broadcasters and festival organisers along with a focused section dedicated to the breadth and depth of Maconchy's compositions. The Irish-English composer is revealed a force to be reckoned with who frequently demonstrated a powerful instinct to thrive and survive, often against the odds.
Liliane Campos argues that contemporary fiction is shaping a new, multi-scalar view of life. In the early twenty-first century, humans face complex relations of dependency with the invisibly small and the ungraspably huge, from the viral to the planetary. Entangled Life examines how Anglophone fiction imagines this ecological interdependence. It outlines an emergent poetics across a range of genres, including realist fiction, science-fiction, weird fiction and dystopian fiction. Arguing that literary form performs epistemic and ethical work, Campos analyses the rhetorical strategies through which these stories connect human and nonhuman scales. She shows that fiction uses three recurrent devices – critical synecdoche, ontological metalepsis and scalar irony – to shape our awareness of other scales and forms of life, and our response-ability towards them. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Gardens were both a setting and showcase for nearly every aspect of social and daily life at the royal court during the early Islamic period in Western Asia. Safa Mahmoudian uses a wide range of primary source materials including contemporary Arabic manuscripts, together with archaeological reports, aerial photographs, and archaeologists’ letters and diaries. Through close readings of this evidence, Mahmoudian creates a picture of these gardens in their historical, architectural and environmental contexts and examines various factors that influenced their design and placement. In doing so, Mahmoudian adds to our understanding of these gardens and palaces and, ultimately, early Islamic-period court culture as a whole.
This Element discusses the figure of the cantora – or woman music poet – and the development of her artistic activity in a context of post-colonial paradigms in Chilean and Latin American societies. Through a historical overview of this multifaceted concept, alongside gender construction in colonial Latin America, this Element offers insights on how the figure of the cantora developed in the confluence between discrimination against festive popular culture and the restrictions imposed on women in a context of an inherited patriarchal order. Moreover, it examines the embodiment of the cantora archetype within the contemporary urban folkloric scene in Chile as a performative exercise of identity construction that is framed in a process of cultural resistance. Revealing how contemporary cantoras are continuing the legacy of their predecessors has become especially relevant at the time of writing in 2020–22, amidst a wave of political protests against long-standing social disparities in Chile.
In this book I examine many philosophical theories that attempt to explain the epistemological limits and powers of memory. A traditional view is that our epistemic justification from memory in the present directly depends, in part or primarily, on the past. I reject this view, arguing that just the way the present is directly matters for the justification we have from memory now. Another traditional view is that our justification from memory is best accounted for by theories on which justification directly depends on features of the world external to the mind. I argue that the mental life suffices to account for memory justification. I then appeal to the tip of the tongue phenomenon to argue that just a portion of the mental matters for memory justification: what the subject internally accesses. The best epistemology of memory turns out to support a package of extreme and untraditional views.
As custodians of global public discourse today, transnational tech platforms govern who may speak, to whom, and how. While they have helped document and revitalize minoritized languages and connect diasporic communities, they also make language-related decisions that can disproportionately disadvantage speakers of those languages. On platforms like Facebook, non-English users navigate a linguistic environment where content moderation is often severely under-resourced compared to that available to English speakers. They may not receive warnings about disinformation or disturbing content, may not be told about what rules apply, and may have their content wrongly removed – or violating content left untouched – because neither human moderators nor automated systems can understand their language. This Element examines forms of global linguistic justice that platforms create and reproduce, highlighting a critical yet underexplored dimension of structural inequality in contemporary platform governance. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.