Juan Bautista Alberdi (1810–1884), was originally from the province of Tucumán, in today’s western Argentina. Alberdi was part of the Generation of 1837, a literary salon highly influenced by European Romanticism. The increasingly dictatorial rule of Juan Manuel de Rosas forced the group to go underground and eventually to exile in neighboring Uruguay. After the siege of Montevideo in 1843, Alberdi went to Europe and settled subsequently in Chile. As a writer and political commentator, Alberdi was instrumental in the overthrow of Rosas and in the promulgation of the Constitution of 1853. Under the rule of Justo José Urquiza as head of the Argentine Confederation, Alberdi became a diplomatic representative in Europe. His most important work is Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la república Argentina, which as the title indicates became the leading draft of the Constitution of 1853. Due to his experience in Europe, he was also a keen observer of international affairs. The selection included in this volume represents a strong argument in favor of a community of nations whose principal aim was the eradication of war, which he considered as a crime against humanity.

The rise in rates and drop in the exemption, not increased interest in tax advice among the wealthy, but among the new generation of middle class taxpayers. Tax advisors spring up to fill this new demand, not only in the form of tax lawyers and accountants for the well-off, which existed, albeit in smaller numbers, before World War II, but in the emergence of retail tax help, such as H&R Block, self-help advice books, tax advice columns in newspapers and magazines, and fly-by-night advice for people with far less ability to pay. Some of these were focused on tax return preparation, but because of the pressures to attract customers in the low margin retail tax industry, there were substantial incentives to promise high refunds. The growth of the tax advice industry sensitized the average person to common tax dodging techniques and to the practice of planning, rather than merely reacting, to taxes. The growth of tax advice also created a space for tax dodging school and tax protester movements, who spread information on tax dodging methods and justifications for non-filing in this pre-internet era by distributing pamphlets, organizing small group meetings and giving lectures.

The transition to parenthood brings much joy but also challenges and strains to all families. Where mothers are experiencing perinatal mental health disorders, this is an additional challenge which impacts the wider family system. Partners and other family members may have to take on additional responsibilities, manage worries about the mother’s mental health, and potentially deal with their own mental health difficulties. Indeed, partners – including fathers, co-mothers and step-parents – may be particularly vulnerable to poor mental health at this time.

The partners’ mental health is a crucial aspect of family functioning in the perinatal period that can impact on the whole family. Paternal depression and anxiety disorders have implications for family relationships, including the couple relationship, the co-parenting relationship and the relationship with the baby – with potential adverse consequences for child and family outcomes.

Practitioners have a role in supporting prevention of paternal mental health disorders and working to reduce barriers to help-seeking and uptake of support where needed. These practices not only serve to improve the well-being of fathers and partners; well-supported family members who feel included and have their own mental health needs met will also have a significant positive impact on maternal recovery and well-being.

Tax advisors may have helped a meaningful percentage of taxpayers to dodge their taxes, but advertising was a far more powerful medium in mid-century America for signaling the rising respectability of tax dodging. Publicity and advertising provided exposure and exposure helped to demystify, destigmatize, and normalize tax dodging. Although stories about the high-profile tax dodging described in the previous section provided exposure too, advertising suggested that it was not something only available to the rich and famous. Advertising alone may not have changed attitudes toward tax dodging, but it mirrored and reinforced changes in social attitudes toward the practice.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

Fundamentally, a psychiatric patient’s relationship with the health professionals treating her depends on developing trust and that trust relies on understanding on both sides: that is why it is so critical for a clinician to have as deep an understanding as possible of his or her patient’s perspective. It’s unusual for a patient with a physical ailment to feel a need to deliberately conceal things from her clinician but this is a common occurrence for women in a perinatal mental health setting. The main reason for this is fear; fear of having her children taken away, fear of being ‘judged’ for wanting to have a child while coping with a chronic mental illness. This chapter will provide an overview of the research I have conducted since 2010 to identify and record the experiences of women in receipt of perinatal mental health services or, in some cases, of women not in receipt of the services they needed.

Grounded in comparative politics, this chapter presents new theory in comparative political economy: First, it argues that, in the context of technological transition, a legal system that facilitates reassignment of property rights, making certain rights less secure, plays an important and under-theorized role in promoting economic development. It focuses on China’s technological transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial one to highlight the relationship between technology change, reassignment of land rights, and transformative economic growth. The chapter reinterprets England’s post–Glorious-Revolution reassignment of land rights, using enclosure, estate, turnpike, and other parliamentary acts, in light of China’s rise. It also identifies the problem of state misallocation of land resources in the Chinese case. Second, it argues that the authoritarian state also invests in the formal legal system in order to manage conflict over changes in land rights and to legitimate the state. It revisits England’s eighteenth-century use of law, including the Riot Act and Black Act, to contain protest over dispossession and compares it to China’s embrace of authoritarian legality to repress conflict. The chapter defines liberal and illiberal law in both form and content and locates the analysis in the context of the law-and-development movement.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

This chapter is devoted to presenting some basic results concerning the differential structure on an arbitrary metric space. By a metric measure space, we mean a complete and separable metric space equipped with a non-zero non-negative Borel measure which is finite on bounded sets. In the literature, there are several possible definitions of Sobolev spaces in this setting, most prominently via p-upper gradients, p-relaxed slopes, and via test plans. Under minimal assumptions, all these definitions agree; we present these equivalent approaches in Appendix B and now introduce the most suitable definition for our purposes: the Newtonian space. We also present the definition of functions of bounded variation, their main properties, and discuss how to define the boundary measure of a set of finite perimeter and the relationships between them. In the second half of this chapter, we present the theory of Lp-normed modules and the first-order differential structure on metric measure spaces introduced by Gigli. We also recall the definition of divergence in the metric setting and discuss how to adapt these notions to the case of a sufficiently regular open subset of a metric measure space.

Chapter 2 explores how Bourbon supporters vied for public attention amid a swirl of conflicting news, persistent rumors, and the threat of pro-Habsburg dissent. It reconstructs a “Baroque public sphere” where print culture, spectacle, and oratory intersected with popular engagement. Bourbon officials and clergy used relaciones de suceso (news pamphlets), popular imprints, and sermons to broadcast pro-Bourbon messages, repurposing reports from Spain to cultivate loyalty and reinforce imperial unity in New Spain. Despite censorship, Habsburg sympathizers circulated subversive ideas, often cloaked in coded language. Disloyalty investigations in Mexico City uncover the strategies subjects used to signal political leanings while evading punishment. By tracing how print and oral propaganda moved across space and audiences—absorbed, repeated, contested—this chapter shows how actors across the empire helped construct a shared narrative of Bourbon legitimacy. The imagined community of empire emerged not passively but through conscious engagement with competing voices.