Making decisions about prescribing medication for mental disorders in childbearing women is a task that may have profound and long-lasting implications for a mother and her family, and it is important that prescribers have access to up-to-date summaries and interpretations of research that examines how safe these medications are in pregnancy and lactation.

Because it is not possible to test a drug’s reproductive safety in randomised controlled trials, research has to rely on less rigorous study designs. The inherent difficulties and other methodological problems have meant that interpretation of the evidence has often been difficult. However, the volume and quality of research has dramatically increased in recent years. Current findings concerning antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood-stabilising medication during pregnancy and lactation are summarised in this chapter, and recommendations for clinical practice are made referring to published guidelines where they are available.

Relative clauses are generally introduced in the archaic Indo-European languages by a relative pronoun. In some languages, this pronoun is descended from a form *kwí-/*kwó-, while in others it is descended from a form *yó-. This chapter surveys the syntactic and semantic behaviour of the descendants of these pronouns in the attested languages. This includes a discussion of both their relative and non-relative uses. The author concludes that neither *kwí-/*kwó- nor *yó- can be excluded as a relative pronoun in Proto-Indo- European, and that together they reflect what was a unitary syntactic category in the proto-language: *REL.

This chapter examines recent evidence concerning the need to explicitly intervene with the mother-infant dyad in order to ensure optimal outcomes for the infant where there are concerns about postnatal mental health problems. The chapter describes the importance of dyadic interaction in terms of the capacity of the infant for later affect regulation and wider aspects of development, in addition to evidence concerning the impact of perinatal mental health problems on such interaction. A number of different methods of assessing mother-infant interaction in order to identify whether an intervention is needed are described, in addition to a range of dyadic methods of working that are explicitly focused on improving the interaction.

Provincial governance was never of great interest to Roman administrators or jurists. This begins to change only when jurists increasingly became administrators exposed to provincial claim. Jurists had to begin thinking about provincial contexts as raising important questions of governance - in particular, that key assumptions about law might be different in a world marked by extractive governance. Key among these is the late second/early third century jurist Ulpian of Tyre. Ulpian begins the process of transforming governance from an array of untheorized practices into something amenable to traditional juristic analysis. As a successful administrator, he did this knowing that such an account was otherwise lacking. His magnum opus, On the Office of the Proconsul, can be seen as an attempt to capture what was distinctly provincial about provincial governance. But Ulpian’s key text can also be read as a response to the challenge of provincial legalism.

Criminal punishment captured the imagination. It was a violent process, staged deliberately by the state to demonstrate certain truths about state power. However, these public scenes were susceptible to rewriting by provincial subjects. These subjects fixated on state attempts to define truth by means of judicial violence. Subjects insisted that violence be conditioned on its respect for provincial logos - rational discussions about the nature of any particular act of state violence. They emphasized that the courtroom (rather than the archive) was the most important locus for determining the content of laws and the boundaries of state power and insisted that the courtroom be a space not just for punishment, but communication. Most prolific on this point are early Christian writings about martyrs, which emphasized what they claimed was the Roman state’s incapacity to rationally defend the persecution of Christians. It is found among Jews and pagans as well.

This chapter reconstructs some principal features of relative clause syntax in Proto-Indo-European. Following the methodology outlined in Chapter 2, it pays close attention to the behaviour of the reconstructed relative pronoun, *REL (Chapter 4), and its position in the PIE left periphery (Chapter 5). Moving away from *REL, it then turns to the more general structures of, and relations between, ‘plain’ relative and correlative clauses in PIE. The chapter is rounded off by a discussion regarding the semantic types of relative clauses in PIE and their syntactic form.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

The perinatal frame of mind is a concept aiming to capture the unique mental state, context and experiences of individuals planning a pregnancy and during the perinatal period. It implies that every aspect of the physical, social, psychological and psychiatric care of women in this period requires a deep understanding of them as individuals. This encompasses many aspects of a woman’s life experience: from childhood to her current context, including traumatic and more positive experiences, cultural factors, relationships, mental and physical illness and their risks and relevance to the perinatal context, her journey to becoming pregnant, and her strengths. The term asks that we think not only about the woman, her well-being and needs, but also those of the fetus or infant, the intimate partner and/or co-parent, and other family members. We should consider the relationships between the parents and the infant, as well as within the couple and among other family members. So, we don’t just think about the woman, but the community and cultural context surrounding her, which includes the partner, family, friends, and often, and importantly, health and social professionals and services, who can provide the right kind of support to help navigate any mental health challenges.

Miguel Antonio Caro (1843–1909) was notable among the most systematic conservative thinkers in Spanish America. He was born in Bogota in a socially prestigious and politically influential family. Caro rose to prominence for his scholarly work on grammar, his translations of Virgil, and, above all, for his defense of the Catholic Church and his critical stand against the radical governments that ruled the country after 1861. He was appointed to his first public post in 1880, as director of the National Library, by the then president, Rafael Núñez, a liberal who broke with the radicals to lead the Regeneración Movement in Colombia. Caro became the closest ally of Núñez, and one of the main architects of the 1886 Constitution. Caro succeeded Núñez after his death (1894) in the presidency of the country. His vast intellectual production, however, preceded his rise to power, including a critical study of Bentham’s utilitarianism. In 1871, he founded El Tradicionista, a newspaper whose pages advocated the protection of the Catholic Church by the Colombian state, and where his series of articles against religious tolerance, the basis of Caro’s piece in our volume, were first published.

This chapter turns to the elite reaction to broader provincial claims about legality. Rather than putting the courtroom at the center of their legal imaginary, Greek elites reimagined themselves as transcending normal administrative processes. Through their physical self-presentation, through their beautiful speech, and through their ability to create particular affective states in their interlocutors, they sought to achieve thauma: a state of amazement that obviated the need for legal judgment. The Greek rhetoric of the "Second Sophistic" is, on this reading, a sort of anti-legalism: by replacing legal judgment with aesthetic evaluation, elites attempted to preserve their positions - and their physical bodies - from degradation and punishment.

Women with intellectual disabilities have children more frequently than in the past. This is partly a result of changes in attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Institutional care in many parts of the world is less common and sterilisation of women with intellectual disabilities is less frequent. However, women with intellectual disabilities experience greater social disadvantage than other women, negative attitudes towards their having children, and judgements about their abilities to parent successfully. They have poorer pregnancy and neonatal health outcomes due to health inequalities and socio-economic deprivation and are more likely to have their children removed from their care. The rate of mental disorders in women with intellectual disabilities is high leading to increased utilisation of healthcare services during the perinatal period and after delivery. Recognising perinatal mental disorders in women with intellectual disabilities can be challenging for clinicians because of communication difficulties in the woman and a lack of training for the clinician. Assessment and support to women with intellectual disabilities and mental disorders has to be adapted to take account of their individual needs. Training of clinical staff in understanding intellectual disabilities is essential in enhancing the care they receive and ensuring equity of access to services.

This chapter is an essential guide to recognising and treating ADHD in the perinatal period, an increasingly common scenario which specialist community and inpatient perinatal services face. We explore issues specific to assessing and treating women with ADHD. The features of how the disorder is classified are discussed, including information on how ADHD may present differently in women. The challenges of identifying ADHD in females are considered along with common comorbidities. A summary of guidance on treating this disorder in adults is included, with information on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options. An outline of the essential investigations required before initiating medication for a woman is provided, along with details on the necessary ongoing physical health monitoring. Both stimulant and non-stimulant medicines are discussed with details on the various formulations available in the UK and practical tips on prescribing in the perinatal period. Specific issues to explore at follow-up are outlined. Special consideration is given to recognising and treating ADHD in the perinatal period. This includes during the pre-conceptual period, prescribing in pregnancy and the postnatal period including breastfeeding. The impact of ADHD on parenting is also considered. This is essential reading on a commonly misunderstood disorder for all perinatal clinicians.