In June 1966, the International PEN Club held its annual conference in New York City. It was the first time in forty-two years that the United States had hosted the meeting, and there was much to celebrate. Pablo Neruda, who had repeatedly been denied visas to the United States since 1943 on the grounds that he was a communist, was one of the stars of the show. Throughout – and, indeed, long after – the conference, he made headlines, drew audiences, and made statements that had a lasting impact. He also earned the wrath of supporters of the Cuban Revolution, who attacked him for betraying the revolution by participating in the conference. This chapter discusses Neruda’s participation in the event, including the controversies that he sparked during and afterward, as well as his other activities in New York and his travels in the United States afterward.

In 1937, Graham Greene recruited Bowen to write theatre reviews for Night and Day, his short-lived journal. Throughout her career, Bowen thought about and wrote dramas for radio and the stage. In the 1940s, she wrote several short dramatic features for BBC radio with an emphasis on dialogue: one about Frances Burney, another about Jane Austen, a short play called ‘The Confidante’??IN TEXT ’The Confidant’, and an autobiographical piece called ‘A Year I Remember – 1918’. Castle Anna, a play that Bowen co-authored with John Perry, received indifferent notices when it was staged in February 1948. She also wrote a pageant on the history of Kinsale and a ‘Nativity Play’. As much as she was drawn to theatre, Bowen’s strength lay in writing for the ear rather than the eye.

In 2009, numerous manuscripts, previously thought to be lost, were rediscovered in what was once Florence Price’s summer home. The rediscovery narrative that followed, especially in white mainstream media discourse in the United States, focused more on the rediscovery of Price herself, rather than on the rediscovery of her manuscripts. Not only did this distort Price’s meaning to a modern-day, mainstream audience; it also erased the scholarly and archival efforts of practitioners, which can be dated back to the era of Price’s activity. Black classical communities in the United States kept Price’s musical legacy alive through the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. This chapter therefore asks: How do we listen to Price today? The Price archives, the narratives of community embedded in her musical manuscripts, and the ensuing recovery work emerge as important factors in this new era of Price scholarship.

This Chapter, the final chapter, concludes and discusses the future directions of the research on security exceptions. It examines the evolving role of security exceptions in international economic law, particularly within the WTO framework. While traditionally viewed as shields for states to implement necessary security measures, these exceptions increasingly serve as tools for economic protectionism and geopolitical leverage. The Chapter explores the complexities of balancing trade commitments with national security concerns, highlighting inconsistencies in adjudication and the risks of opportunistic state behavior. It proposes a dual framework distinguishing between conventional and novel security measures, advocating for clearer rules, procedural safeguards, and a compensation mechanism to deter abuse. Additionally, it calls for WTO reforms, stronger cooperation with the UN, and revisions to regional trade agreements and investment treaties to ensure security measures remain transparent, time-bound, and economically efficient.

At first glance, Thomism and feminism seem like unlikely bedfellows. In spite of the apparent incongruity, I argue that a fruitful dialogue can exist between Aquinas and feminism, particularly regarding the relationship between the body and reason. To this end, I make three points. First, I argue that Aquinas’s anthropology provides a fertile ground for a discussion of women’s nature and flourishing. Second, I argue that there is surprising degree of similarity between the attitude of Thomas toward the female body and the attitude of certain contemporary feminists, such as Simone de Beauvoir and Shulamith Firestone. All three of these authors recognized that women are more affected by their bodies than men are, and all three saw this as a source of inequality between men and women. Third, I argue that, while Aquinas is wrong to conclude that women are less rational than men, it may nonetheless be true that women experience more frequent interruptions to their ability to exercise fully their highest powers because they experience more pain and fatigue related to their biology. Finally, I consider how the nature of the female body may dispose women to exercising their reason slightly differently than men do.

The musicological literature has tended to focus on Giulio Strozzi’s career as a librettist, and on his participation in three academies, Ordinati in Rome, and the Incogniti, and its musical offshoot, the Unisoni, in Venice. In this chapter I discuss two biographies published about Strozzi during his lifetime, one of them quite well known (present in the Le Glorie de gli Incogniti), the other one less so (from Gian Vittorio Rossi’s Pinacotheca Imaginum Illustrium). I will highlight the means by which these biographies nuance Strozzi’s time before he became one of Venice’s most noted librettists. I offer new insight into Strozzi’s time in Rome (circa 1601–1615), and suggest that, contrary to his published Incogniti biography, he most likely never earned a degree in law from the University of Pisa.

The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition commemorated the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. The St. Louis fair was the first organized after the United States had obtained a territorial empire in 1898. While it might seem evident that classicizing architecture should be used to serve empire, surprisingly, it was not. The so-called “Free Renaissance” architecture of the fair was not primarily classical. Instead, under the banner of the Free Renaissance, vaguely historical and undeniably imposing, if not supersized, buildings were erected. The most original building at the fair, the Mines and Metallurgy Building, embodied the spirit of the neo-antique, combining multiple historical forms, including Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architecture. Cass Gilbert designed the fair’s Palace of Fine Arts. Now the St. Louis Art Museum, the building is modeled on the Baths of Caracalla and demonstrates that one of the most enduring appropriations of ancient architecture was for buildings associated with high and elite culture. While Roman architecture was used in several important buildings, many of the key edifices, including the Festival Hall, did not evoke ancient architecture. Certain state pavilions and territories—with no apparent connection to antiquity—employed classicizing forms to demonstrate their progress and cultural sophistication.

This Chapter discusses legal and policy options for reforming security exceptions through implementing substantive and procedural mechanisms to maximize joint gains from international trade and investment and the protection of the national security interests of WTO members. In particular, relying on the theories and concepts relevant to this book and the conducted comparative research, this Chapter attempts to reconsider the role of security exception clauses in international economic law and contemplates additional institutional responses to remedy the current flaws in their interpretation and application. What is needed, and what this book seeks to provide, is an analytic perspective for assessing when more restraint on the application of security measures is desirable and when it is not.

The convergence of citizenship towards indigeneity implies that the instability of one can easily lead to the instability of the other. This chapter analyses how the two main political parties in Ghana capitalized on the blurred boundary between citizenship and indigeneity and how images of exclusion conveyed by the Aliens Compliance Order (that instructed all foreigners without residence permits to leave Ghana within 14 days) in 1969 strengthened the image of the NPP (New Patriotic Party) as seeking to exclude Ewe-speakers from the nation in the 1990s (in political campaigns) and the 2000s (including in the national debate about cross-border voting).

This chapter reveals the history of agrarian change in the Gulf, the social relations of farming and the struggles over land and water. It will show how the demise of the peasant existence was not linear, but rather that the management of the region’s agriculture was deeply political. This history is relevant to the central points of this book. The Gulf’s dependence on food imports, its adoption of international brands and methods, and acquisition of agricultural land outside of the country were predicated on the internal demise of this food system. These processes are the antithesis of the food sovereignty that is embodied in peasant production; they represent the manner in which the ruling class wrested control of food and agriculture, integrating it into their circuits of accumulation, and governed it to legitimise their rule.

This chapter examines the applicability of international investment law to emerging digital asset classes such as data packages, cryptocurrencies, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). These assets, now mainstream investments, raise unique issues in terms of their protection under investment treaties. The chapter explores whether digital assets qualify as ’investments’ under traditional treaty definitions, and the application of the common protections offered under investment treaties to such assets. It assesses digital assets against criteria often applied by investment treaty tribunals to argue that digital assets can broadly be classified as investments. The chapter also analyses the key questions arising from the application of the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard and protection against expropriation to digital assets, especially given the current relative lack of regulation in this area. Valuation complexities, including market volatility and the absence of benchmarks, are addressed, emphasising the need for close consideration of these issues in the context of investment treaty claims. Lastly, the chapter addresses structuring investments via corporate vehicles to enhance treaty protections and mitigate risks. It concludes that, while investment law can accommodate digital assets, careful structuring and awareness of treaty terms are vital for investor protection within an uncertain and ever-evolving regulatory environment.

Barbara Strozzi’s Opus 3 stands apart from her other works by virtue of its mysterious dedication to the “Ignotae Deae”—a feminized version of the motto “Ignoto Deo”— that the Accademia degli Incogniti had borrowed from St. Paul’s sermon to the Athenians. Although seemingly affirming Strozzi’s links to the Incogniti, the enigmatic dedication also speaks to Strozzi’s ability in her music—both in this volume and elsewhere in her oeuvre—to dissimilate: to use music as means not of expressing her feelings but hiding them from her listeners. This hypothesis is born out in an overview of the volume’s organization, her choice of poems, and treatment of the poems that continually emphasize deception and deceit, where the musical setting often contradicts or even undermines the poem. In the end Strozzi herself emerges as the Unknown Goddess, who neutralizes even seemingly misogynist poems with deft humor, irony, always keeping her mask firmly in place.