Chapter 8 tackles the development an image can go through in its social life. This include processes of image circulation, virality, travel, and transformation, which have a significant influence on how meanings of images are negotiated and changed. Longitudinal research methods are presented and applied on the case example of news photographs.

This chapter examines Elizabeth Bowen’s relationship to audiovisual art forms. Given Bowen’s own relative lack of interest in film, one may wonder why adaptation should be included in an overall analysis of her work and its impact. One argument is largely commercial: be it through television, film, or radio, dramatisations of Bowen’s works contribute to increased public scrutiny of her fiction. For those already familiar with Bowen’s fiction, adaptations revitalise readings of her fiction. How her texts correspond to traditions and tropes of other media tells us much about the interplay of genres – from novel of manners and social satire to spy story or historical fiction – as they manifest themselves in the traditions of those media. Ultimately, an adaptation is also an interpretation and analysis of its source text. This examination of adaptations focuses on The Last September and The Heat of the Day, two of Bowen’s most-read works. These adaptations are the best known and most accessible audiovisual adaptations of her fiction.

Elizabeth Bowen began her career in a period of profound literary upheaval, as some of the most prominent writers of the era attempted to reorient literary fiction away from the social world and towards subjective life. Bowen subscribed to a modernist understanding of literary fiction as fundamentally concerned with investigating and representing the nature of human experience. But if she subscribed to a humdrum humanism that saw little difference between how people experienced the world in the eighteenth century and in the twentieth, she also had an acute sense of the historical variability of writers’ techniques for representing human behaviour. This essay tracks how Bowen’s feelings about modernist modes of experiential description evolved over her career, from her enthusiastic embrace of them in the 1920s to an increased scepticism about their monomaniacal application from the late 1930s onwards – a shift reflected in the changing prominence of stream-of-consciousness styles of writing over her oeuvre. Bowen’s later thematisation of the limits of modernist methods and gradual retreat from them is born not of an aversion to innovation, but of a desire to generate effects that these methods alone are unable to create.

Economic property rights and markets bring transaction costs efficiencies for firms, for the economy, and for addressing environmental externalities. These institutions redirect assets, promote investment, encourage search for new opportunities, enhance efficiency, inspire new organizational forms, and generally produce long-term welfare improvements. Even so, their adoption worldwide and in the Clean Water Act is limited.

In the 1880s, there was a growing interest in duplicating the success of the Suez Canal in Central America. As the French under Ferdinand de Lesseps’ leadership championed the Panama Canal, the United States had its eyes set on constructing a canal through Nicaragua that beckoned as the answer to the U.S. maritime and naval ambitions. Espousing ideals of liberal nation-making, Nicaragua sought to annex the Reserve to the Republic in 1894 and fulfill its vision of unbroken sovereignty from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Yet the crisis was also an internal one within the Mosquito Kingdom, pitting reserve “Indians” against non-Reserve Miskitus and reviving again the question of racial legitimacy of the Mosquito Reserve government. This chapter delves into this thorny crisis – also known as the “incorporation” of the Mosquito Reserve – to illuminate the violence that lay behind the dream of the interoceanic Nicaragua Canal and to show the centrality of the canal to geopolitical identity – both of the Republic of Nicaragua and post-Civil War United States. In the end, this chapter argues, the pursuit of the Nicaragua Canal was predicated on the elimination of the Mosquito autonomous territory.

As social and economic actors, women in early modern Italian city states enjoyed clear legal rights. Their actions, however, needed to be constantly negotiated with their kinship ties, since their wealth was basically transmitted from dowries and inheritance, both mechanisms implying some degree of mediation and compromise, as well as opportunities and limitations. Venetian laws and customs tended to protect and defend women’s property rights, and courts embraced the general principle of considering women and their husbands as separate financial entities even when they were married, thus permitting women to take advantage of the many opportunities to invest their wealth. Barbara Strozzi offers a precious case study: her economic independence, inherited but also hard-won and defended, was built on all the financial opportunities the still rich Venetian economy offered.

The deployment of 5G has raised diverse national security concerns, leading to policies restricting Chinese companies’ participation in this critical infrastructure. This chapter examines these policies against the background of international investment law, focusing on restrictions against Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE. It evaluates the compatibility of these measures with international investment agreements and explores potential violations of national treatment, most-favored-nation treatment, fair and equitable treatment, and full protection and security standards. The chapter also discusses the justification of these policies under national security exceptions, concluding that international investment law may not be fully equipped to address the evolving geo-economic landscape.

The category of friendship called “friends and fun” popularized via gay sex/dating apps captures a pre-existing reality among queer people around the world: that friendships include a continuum of sexual, romantic, and sentimental affects and practices. In Beirut, this category takes on specific utility amidst power relations that define (un)acceptable ways for embodying intimate relations: it enables queer men to conceal their intimacies by adjusting their behaviors to suit the norms of male–male friendship. As queer men move their relationships from the privacy of the bedroom to the publicness of the street, they act like friends while holding contrasting sexual and romantic affects under the surface of these embodied practices. The chapter argues that “friends and fun” derives its meaning from the practices men undertake as an embodied response to the sexual and gendered exigencies of public space, thus showing how friendship practices and categories do not merely challenge, but also shore up power relations.

Much has been written about the historical sources – Aristotelian and neo-Platonic – used by Thomas Aquinas in his theological works. Without neglecting such research, this chapter examines the broader speculative framework of themes at the intersection of faith and reason in Thomistic thought. The goal is to provide philosophers and theologians with a clearer view of Thomism’s key speculative concerns regarding human reason and revealed truth. These include the degree of theology’s influence on faith (Christian philosophy), the preambles of faith, rational credibility, the relationship between common sense, philosophy, and faith, analogy in relation to revealed truths, the scientific structure of theology, and the potential for a Thomist account of knowledge’s historicity.

This concluding chapter looks at the ramifications of the Gulf’s position in the global food system. It explores the implications of regional inequality and potential trajectories in the domestic and international politics of food.

The conclusion summaries the key arguments and ideas presented in this book. It also offers some brief thoughts on the overlap between Muslims’ and non-Muslims’ ideas about history-writing as well as on the nature of institutions in the early Islamic world.

This essay explores the use and eventual abandonment of two pitch aggregates – canto per bemolle (signature of a single flat) and canto per bequadro (void signature) – in Barbara Strozzi’s music. Rooted in the two cantus of Guidonian pedagogy, Strozzi’s practice distinguished tonalities according to their bemolle or bequadro signatures, which signaled distinct pitch collections, cadence points, and text affects that she associated with tonal flatness or sharpness. Between the 1640s and 1660s, Strozzi expanded her notated key signatures while maintaining the distinction between flatness and sharpness, but her tonal style never settled into the norms of functional tonality, such as clear tonic/dominant and major/minor oppositions. We must therefore understand Strozzi’s tonal practice as complete and coherent on its own terms, and not as a transition between Renaissance modes and eighteenth-century keys. In doing so, we perceive her flair for vivid, dramatic, and even bizarre text-expressive effects according to the tonal system of her era.

The late Rae Linda Brown was instrumental in taking Florence Price scholarship to new heights. She worked as part of a dedicated cohort of Price scholars and performers (such as Mildred Denby Green, Barbara Garvey Jackson, and Althea Waites) to bring the life and music of Price to wider audiences, in and outside of academia. This chapter positions Brown as an important link between the earlier efforts of New Negro era musicologists who documented Price’s outputs during the composer’s lifetime, the post–civil rights era musicologists who contextualized Price and her contemporaries in a deeper social history of Black American music, and the twenty-first-century interventions as represented in this companion. This chapter delves into Brown’s journey to tell Price’s story, encompassing her first encounters with Price’s music as a student at Yale and her monumental efforts to subsequently archive, publish, and publicize the details of Price’s groundbreaking story. In this chapter, the centrality of several library collections, including those at the University of Arkansas, come to the fore.