Ireland’s two bloodiest centuries began with Henry VIII’s break with Rome and culminated in the brutal and unforgiving conquest of the entire island. Now, Anglo-Normans became ‘Old English’, faithful to Rome making common cause with the Gaelic-Irish. The ‘New English’ and later, Scottish, settled Leix, Offaly and Munster in the sixteenth century, Ulster and (under Cromwell) everywhere, in the seventeenth. Resistance was strong and sometimes, as in the Nine Years War, 1594–1603, and the Catholic Confederacy of the 1640s during England’s Civil War, almost successful. Ireland was later the sideshow of a larger European conflict, when several nationalities fought in the Williamite wars of the 1690s.

There were some Irish conversions to the Church of Ireland (i.e. the official Protestant church), but the continental-trained clergy of the Catholic Reformation defied persecution to keep Catholicism the majority religion. Protestants were a majority only in the north-east. However, the majority ownership of land in the country as a whole moved from Catholic to Protestant.

The shiring of Ireland was completed, transport and communication was improved, cities grew, trade remained lively. Irish remained the majority language, and a flowering of Irish-language scholarship preserved old texts and created new ones.

For a long time, Greek sanctuaries were studied from a positivist perspective, that is, in terms of their spatial evolution and the typologies of their architecture and artefacts. At the sanctuary of Dodona, this perspective has also been applied to a great variety of structures and objects. The present paper offers new ways of looking at one of the most intriguing classes of objects found at the sanctuary, the lamellae on which were written the questions for and answers from the oracle. Consistent with the growing interest in the materiality of writing, we discuss the physical properties of the lamellae and the contexts in which they were used with respect to their adoption at the sanctuary during the Archaic period. We argue that the ease with which lead tablets can be inscribed, folded, and transported made this material more suitable for the context of the sanctuary than ostraca, another inexpensive medium often used for writing in ancient Greece.

The conclusion examines more contemporary versions of anthropology’s dominant current of antiformalism. Tracing this pattern across diverse approaches – embodiment, assemblage thinking, infrastructure – it reveals how a certain sort of Wittgensteinian antiformalism has become orthodox. While scholarship focussed on form exists, it remains largely subordinate to an implicit picture that finds ethnographic facts ‘unanalysable, specific, indefinable’. By contextualzing this stance, the conclusion suggests holding commitments – formalist or antiformalist – more lightly in order to recover explanatory power without sacrificing reflexivity.

CAI formation began 4.567 Ga ago and ferromagnesian chondrules formed 2-2.7 Ma later. The order of OC parent-body accretion may have been (from earliest to latest) IIE, H, L, LL. Ordinary chondrites formed in the Inner Solar System along with other noncarbonaceous materials. 26Al decay was the primary asteroidal heat source. Ordinary chondrites have been modeled as being a significant component of Earth. Each OC asteroid was subject to major collisions. These are marked by peaks in cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) age distributions: for example, 45% of H chondrites have a CRE age of ~7.5 Ma. The U/Th-He ages of L chondrites are lower than those of H or LL chondrites due to the collisional breakup of the L parent body ~470 Ma ago. The lower maturity of OC asteroidal regoliths compared to lunar regolith is due to OC asteroids’ experiencing a lower micrometeorite flux, lower average projectile velocities, more-significant spallation processes, and having an ultramafic composition. Some OC are associated with abundant non-OC material; these include OC clasts in Cumberland Falls (aubrite), Almahata Sitta (anomalous ureilite), Bencubbin (CBa chondrite), Galim (EH/LL breccia), and Kaidun (carbonaceous-chondrite breccia).

The introduction provides an overview of the analysis of the dialogue.

Carbonaceous (CC) and noncarbonaceous (NC) materials have nonoverlapping isotopic compositional ranges. The CC groups include all carbonaceous chondrites, Eagle Station pallasites, and several groups of iron meteorites (IIC, IID, IIF, IIIF, IVB); they likely formed in the Outer Solar System. The NC groups include ordinary, enstatite and R chondrites, Howardites-Eucrites-Diogenites (HEDs), ureilites, angrites, lunar meteorites, martian meteorites, main-group pallasites, the Earth, and the remaining iron groups (IAB, IC, IIAB, IIE, IIIAB, IIIE, IVA); they probably formed in the Inner Solar System. Proto-Jupiter may have accreted rapidly and functioned as a barrier, hindering the radial drift of carbonaceous-chondrite-related materials toward the Inner Solar System, preserving the isotopic dichotomy.

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s central questions: Why have labor activists in Europe turned to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to claim trade union rights, and what impact does this international litigation have on labor movements? While organized labor has historically relied on collective action rather than courts, this chapter situates that shift within broader transformations, including the erosion of union power under neoliberalism and the expanding authority of international courts. Yet the limited reforms states often undertake in response to ECtHR rulings rarely meet activists’ expectations. To explain how international litigation became a resource for workers, the chapter introduces the concept of strategic mobilization of human rights: an instrumental approach in which activists deploy human rights law to pursue concrete goals without necessarily embracing its ideals. Even pending or unsuccessful cases can catalyze social movements and shift political dynamics. The chapter also outlines the book’s methodological approach, which combines an original database of ECtHR labor rulings (StrasLab) with fieldwork on labor movements in Turkey and the UK. Situating the book’s contribution to debates on legal mobilization, labor revitalization, and international courts, it argues that the transformative potential of human rights courts ultimately depends on mobilization from below.

Tiny presolar grains include C polymorphs, carbides, nitrides, oxides, silicates, metallic Fe-Ni, and organic compounds. Rare CAIs and AOAs contain refractory oxides and silicates. Major phases in type-3 OC include olivine and low-Ca pyroxene with variable FeO/(FeO+MgO), metallic Fe-Ni, troilite, and nearly exclusively within chondrules, crystallites of Ca-pyroxene, rare pigeonite, and tiny grains of merrillite. Whole-rock thermal metamorphism produced secondary phases: orthopyroxene, diopside, chromite, ilmenite, rutile, phosphate, and plagioclase. Diffusion facilitated by metamorphism causes increasing compositional homogeneity in olivine and pyroxene. Some minerals and mineraloids are formed at high shock pressure. These include lingunite and maskelynite from plagioclase; ahrensite, asimowite, poirierite, ringwoodite, and wadsleyite from olivine; akimotoite, bridgmanite, hemleyite, hiroseite, and majorite from orthopyroxene; chenmingite and xieite from chromite; tuite from merrillite; wangdaodeite from ilmenite; and TiO2-II from rutile. Parent-body aqueous alteration produced phyllosilicates, Ni-rich sulfides, Ni-rich metal phases, carbides, oxides, and small calcite crystals.