We present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in Hungary, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, we reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

We offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.

We present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in Japan, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, we reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

We offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.

Connection to Country or traditional lands is critical to the life and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. In the Indigenous worldview, collective identity, stories, language, law/lore, ancestors, and all living things are intimately interconnected with Country, which provides the central pivot point around which all life revolves. Attempts by the ‘colonial project’ to disconnect Indigenous Peoples from their sovereign Country and distinct worldviews has undermined their source of wellbeing and generated traumatic social and health outcomes. Yet, Indigenous Peoples continue to resist. This chapter provides examples of how several Wiradjuri Elders and Wiradjuri Nation-rebuilders are resisting the colonial project through reclaiming the Wiradjuri language and building connection to Country to solidify their Wiradjuri worldview. We discuss the importance of an Indigenous sense of place for collective healing and wellbeing and how interconnection with Country informs a world where we face the potential for environmental crisis and collapse.

The reduced fiber theorem asserts that a scheme of finite type over a discrete valuation ring has a reduced closed fiber after taking a suitable base change and normalization. This is deduced from the study of cyclic extensions of degree p in Chapter 3. It is also an essential ingredient in the construction of upper ramification groups in Chapter 12.

Critical for any explanation or theory are well-formulated concepts with clear and unambiguous meaning. Definitions can ensure unambiguous meaning, and the kind of definition most useful for theories are nominal definitions. Nominal definitions have two parts: a definiendum, the term being defined, and definiens, other words that tell what it means. To be useful in explanations a concept should be abstract, clearly defined, and embedded in principles that describe its behavior. Such concepts are the result of thought rather than simply of observations. Their meanings are not tied to any particular time or place. Their definitions include all and only the important elements of whatever phenomena they refer to.

Decision-making often involves a choice between options whose outcomes are probabilistic and thus cannot be predicted with certainty. A common methodology for understanding people’s risky choices is to develop formal models of their responses to monetary gambles, usually collected in lab experiments. The quest for veridical models of decisions under risk has been one of the most actively debated areas in the behavioural sciences, in particular in psychology and economics. This chapter outlines and compares different routes that have been taken to capture the psychological underpinnings of people’s risky choices: neo-Bernoullian models (e.g., cumulative prospect theory, security-potential/aspiration theory, transfer of attention exchange model), models with context-dependent valuation (proportional difference model, decision-by-sampling theory), heuristics and sequential sampling models (e.g., decision field theory, drift–diffusion model). These modelling frameworks propose diverse psychological constructs, including distorted representation of outcomes, asymmetric representation of gains and losses, asymmetric weighting of outcomes and probabilities, various notions of how decision weights for risky options are derived from probability information, and imbalanced and limited attention. Despite the richness of the theoretical arena, relationships between the constructs are poorly understood. This chapter argues that this disconnect between theories can be overcome by greater efforts towards theory integration, which maps constructs from different models onto each other. We present two examples illustrating the theory integration approach and its possible merits, such as indicating possible mechanistic explanations for patterns in probability weighting.

This chapter critically reviews the success of existing algorithms in explaining and predicting human behaviour. While traditional statistical methods have limitations in this area, algorithmic approaches have gained popularity. The chapter covers a range of algorithms, including decision trees, neural networks and clustering algorithms, evaluating their strengths and limitations in various applications. It also considers ethical concerns, such as bias and privacy violations and the need for transparency and explainability. The chapter emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between computer science, statistics and behavioural science, and the need for ongoing development and refinement of these methods. By evaluating the effectiveness of algorithmic approaches to human behaviour, this chapter is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field.

We present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in Italy, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, we reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

We offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.

We study cyclic extensions of degree p. We compute the lower ramification groups, cohomological filtrations, and the refined Swan conductors explicitly. The extensions are described by Artin–Schrerer extensions in characteristic p and as Kummer extensions in characteristic 0.

This chapter explores the increasingly important role of advertising in European newspapers by looking at the various ways in which the Americas were presented as a world of new opportunities. Advocates of transoceanic ventures in France, the Dutch Republic, and the Holy Roman Empire used newspapers to attract investors and settlers, but they were outperformed by the periodical press in England which helped to recruit thousands of colonists and indentured servants. This chapter connects advertising in early modern newspapers to patterns of transatlantic migration. There were multiple attempts to use the promotional qualities of the press, for settlements from as far north as Quebec to as far south as Barbados and the Guyanas. The focus will be on the campaign to develop the colony of Carolina in the years around 1650. This ultimately unsuccessful venture, despite advertisements in English and French newspapers, will be juxtaposed with the highly successful promotional campaign of William Penn in the early 1680s, which used newspapers as a way to draw attention to more elaborate treatises promising a great future for Pennsylvania.

This chapter examines how fashion points to alternative forms of pleasure that exceed conventional narratives about choices between a life of political struggle and one of security and luxury. It focuses on British Labour politician Ellen Wilkinson’s novel Clash (1929), which is set during the 1926 General Strike and features a feminist heroine whose male suitors offer two distinctly different futures: one committed to the workers’ cause, and the other an escape into bohemian indulgence. Appropriating the genre of the romance, Wilkinson configures her protagonist’s conflict through two key fashion and design networks of the 1920s, Bloomsbury bohemianism and the European avant-garde, against which a third realm, the world of class struggle, is positioned as a counter-text. Engaging recent theories of affect and aesthetics, this chapter reveals how fashion attunes characters and readers to otherwise foreclosed ways of sensing and being, including unrealized forms of women’s expression and cross-class solidarity.

Context-dependent behaviour is a central feature of human and algorithmic decision-making. Unlike context-free models, which assume stable preferences or uniform mechanisms across environments, context-dependent models account for how behaviour shifts depending on external, social, temporal or emotional surroundings. This chapter reviews conceptual frameworks and computational techniques used to capture context-dependence in behavioural data science. We explore psychological theories such as framing and cue-dependence, formal models including multi-level regression, contextual bandits and conditional generative models and the role of context in real-world domains such as health, finance and human–machine interaction. We provide a taxonomy of modelling approaches, examine challenges in data acquisition and generalisability and present a worked example using environmental nudges in energy consumption. The chapter concludes with future directions for context-sensitive modelling, highlighting its importance for ethical, fair and adaptive behavioural data systems.

This chapter illustrates the central role of the Confucian classics in Song politics, culture, and society and traces the evolution of schools and examination standards in canonical education. Simplified versions of the classics facilitated the less-educated masses to familiarize themselves with Confucian cultural practices and ethical values. The canonical texts served as the core curriculum in government schools, but were marginalized in the most prestigious examinations in the early Song. Only with the growing influence of government schools on examination preparation did literati elites revive their interest in classical studies. Wang Anshi and his fellow reformers not only made new commentaries on the classics and imposed them to be the state intellectual orthodoxy but also reformed government education to serve as a mechanism for recruiting civil officials. These measures exerted large impacts on late Northern Song politics and intellectual activities. Literati in the mid-Southern Song grew dissatisfied with the examination-oriented approach of classical studies in government schools and thus turned to private academies to pursue their ideals of moral education.

This chapter studies the coverage of the transatlantic slave trade in early modern Europe. Although many Europeans were aware that their merchants and companies transported enslaved African labourers to Caribbean and American plantations, the trade itself was not deemed a newsworthy topic in the seventeenth century. The role of newspapers as gatekeepers of the various media landscapes meant that the lack of reports on the slave trade helps to explain why it took so long before the traffic of enslaved Africans lead to moral outcry. The inhumane practice of selling and buying labourers in West Africa, the dreaded ‘middle passage’, and the hardship of plantation life in the Caribbean and the American South could be pieced together by newspaper readers only with great difficulty. Hence, before 1720, even embryonic forms of abolitionism were not part of the newspapers’ fabric. This chapter, then, charts the limitations of newspapers as carriers of news from afar, emphasising their predilection for events rather than processes, and their reluctance to follow undesirable stories.

Anthropomorphic learning in behavioural data science refers to a hybrid modelling paradigm that integrates human-centric principles from decision theory with data-driven methodologies of machine learning to simulate, predict and optimise human-like behaviours in artificial systems. This chapter introduces and explores this hybrid approach, examining its theoretical underpinnings, methodological framework and practical applications. Anthropomorphic learning seeks to bridge the normative rigour of decision theory – grounded in models of preference, choice and rationality – with the empirical flexibility of machine learning, particularly in settings marked by uncertainty, complexity and interactivity. The chapter distinguishes anthropomorphic learning from conventional hybrid modelling techniques and critiques its promise through a detailed analysis of recent implementations in user modelling, digital choice architectures and autonomous agent systems. It also discusses its limitations and ethical implications, especially concerning transparency, replicability and human interpretability. By embedding agency, intentionality and bounded rationality into algorithmic structures, anthropomorphic learning represents a compelling frontier for advancing both human-aligned AI and behavioural data science.