In this chapter, we prove quantitative estimates for the basic Ramsey questions involving hypergraphs. These involve recent developments regarding off-diagonal hypergraph Ramsey numbers. Additionally, we introduce geometric Ramsey theory and Euclidean Ramsey theory, and give classical results on canonical hypergraph Ramsey numbers.

Humans are emotional beings that reason, not reasoning beings that occasionally experience emotions. In fact, emotions are essential to good decision-making. In the world of big data and machine learning, the human potential for emotions can influence the way machine learning systems are developed and deployed and also influence the way they are perceived and used. The two manifestations of emotion that can influence decision-making are bias and noise, both of which have emotional undertones. In this chapter, I consider the impact of emotion, bias and noise and suggest a way to acknowledge and measure their impact in the realm of machine learning and big data.

This chapter explores how traders’ performance may be influenced by the rationality levels of their peers in the market. Using a Behavioural Data Science approach, the study integrates experimental methods, machine learning and large-scale digital trace analysis to examine this relationship. Specifically, we analysed data from a cryptoasset exchange over a five-week period in late 2017 and early 2018, covering over 700,000 transactions across 17 trading pairs. We complemented this behavioural trace data with an online guessing game involving 2,622 active traders, of whom 273 participated. By combining survey results and trading histories, we applied clustering algorithms to identify seven distinct trader profiles, including ‘jokers’, ‘focal point traders’ and those operating at different levels of strategic reasoning (first, second and third order), as well as ‘professional’ and ‘Nash equilibrium’ traders. The findings suggest that traders engaging in higher-order reasoning generally achieve better financial outcomes, yet even experienced professionals are not immune to behavioural biases. The chapter highlights how Behavioural Data Science methods – linking experimental insight with real-world data and computational tools – can illuminate the cognitive patterns underlying economic decision-making in digital markets.

Medieval and medievalizing fashions have gained new visibility in alternate histories of design, which highlight novel possibilities for understanding “shared” aesthetic connections between early European, African, and Asiatic Mediterranean fashion objects. This chapter begins with a discussion of the entangled medieval histories offered by the silk textile collection of contemporary designer Walé Oyéjidé and his fashion label Ikiré Jones, and then turns to analyze the entangled histories of fashion objects depicted in medieval European literature, using Oyéjidé’s work as a guide. Looking closely at the storytelling legacies of the silk textiles in the Middle English romance Emaré and in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, I examine a moment when overtly exoticized fashions in crusader romances give way to more refined literary and visual citations based in an emerging perception of discerning European taste, which opens up possibilities for understanding one way that past aesthetics came not to be shared.

The Song religious world exhibited remarkable variety, innovation, and vibrancy. This survey of Song divinities, religious specialists, and religious practices highlights this era’s innovations and its continuities with the medieval past. Some old deities took on greater, national prominence in the Song. New local deities also emerged. The Song government approached these deities and their cults in various ways, granting state support, banning them, and often simply turning a blind eye. Among the lettered religions, Buddhism thrived, as the Chan school won widespread elite patronage. The Daoist church benefitted from extensive state patronage in two reigns, and new therapeutic, exorcistic regimens won government support and saw extensive use in the empire. Local festivals honoring new and old deities proliferated , as did large-scale rituals for the benefit of the suffering dead in the underworld. Clergies, lay elites, and commoners borrowed and shared practices to an unprecedented degree to secure protection and blessings in this life and the next.

The sheaf of nearby cycles is defined on the closed fiber and is used to compute the cohomology of the generic fiber of a scheme over a discrete valuation ring. The dimension of the stalk of nearby cycles of a sheaf on a curve over a discrete valuation is computed by the Deligne–Kato formula. The formula involves the refined Swan conductor defined in Chapter 7. A crucial ingredient of the proof is Temkin's refinement of the stable reduction theorem asserting that after a suitable base change, normalization, and blow-up, a curve over a discrete valuation ring becomes a nodal curve.

This chapter charts the emergence of the printed newspaper, and focuses on the Low Countries where the new genre first thrived. It provides a microhistorical study of transatlantic coverage in the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands for the year 1630, when both enemies had good and bad news from the Americas to digest. Amsterdam corantos eagerly followed developments in Brazil, where forces of the Dutch West India Company captured Pernambuco, the heart of the Atlantic sugar industry, while the Antwerp newspapers, with just as much zeal, covered the impending arrival of the first Spanish treasure fleet from New Spain and Tierra Firme in more than two years. The detailed comparison of two competing newspapers operating in the same linguistic market demonstrates that the partisan press on either side of the border preferred to follow mainly good news that was waiting to happen. Yet, whereas the newspapers in the authoritarian regime of the Southern Netherlands discounted bad news altogether, the ‘free press’ in Amsterdam covered all stories arriving from across the Atlantic Ocean, thus setting a new standard of credibility that would be replicated in other European media landscapes.

We present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in Brazil, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, we reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

We offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.

We present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in Mexico, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, we reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

We offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.

Throughout the twentieth century, feminist organizations and movements appropriated strategies from the fashion industry to offer women new identities, representations, rituals, and ways of being. This chapter explores the sometimes tense, often mutually invigorating, engagement of feminism with fashion in the feminist periodical press in the first decades of the twentieth century in Britain. In suffrage publications such as Votes for Women, feminist journalists considered dress as a mode of signaling feminist identity, as a route to interrogations of embodiment and visual representation, as a mechanism for engaging and resisting the rituals of consumer culture, and as a vehicle for rethinking rituals of behavior. This chapter considers how the interwar publication Woman’s Outlook (affiliated with the Women's Co-operative Guild) reimagined a feminist relation to fashion through attention to issues of production and consumption, thus rethinking feminist style.

This chapter surveys the major institutions of Song dynasty governance. It constructs a model of these institutions as a dynamic interaction between two competing visions and modalities of governance. Imperial technocracy focuses on the Song monarch (either male emperors or female empress regents) as the sole sovereign power that presided over an officialdom of technocrats trained to perform specific technical functions of government. These groups included military officials, imperial relatives, eunuchs, and the emperor’s female secretariat. In contract, Confucian instititionalism, promoted by committed Confucian officials advocating a vision of “shared governance” and grounded in a system of interlocking, hierarchically ordered agencies, challenged the monarchy’s claim to absolute authority. This chapter also includes a discussion of the various systems of state service that administered the professional lives of these groups. As the dynasty progressed, both creative and destructive tension between these two political visions and forces generated an ever-changing, hybrid mixture of institutional variations that provide the backdrop for understanding Song politcal history.