Given an analytic self-map ϕ : D → D, called the symbol of the composition operator, we can always define

This chapter draws together the findings from the connected analytical pieces and relates them to other cases and research from the fields of social movements studies and scholarship on the far right. As borne out by the case studies as well as by most of the cases covered in the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), far-right demonstration campaigns are not typically mobilised around short-term rationales but instead are intended to endure. Since modes of institutionalisation are less open to far-right, particularly extreme-right movements, regular demonstrations are a convenient tool to maintain mobilisation and movement cohesion. The chapter highlights key findings of the study, including that counter-mobilisation by anti-far-right social actors is typically an indispensable factor in bringing about the demobilisation of far-right collective action.

This study examines the rich diversity of musical instruments and music and dance traditions in Spain, exploring those historically documented and those still thriving today. These cultural practices have been imbued with social, political, and ideological significance, becoming integral elements of Spain’s cultural heritage. The research also investigates the ongoing transformations within these traditions since the late nineteenth century, driven by the involvement of cultural and governmental institutions, musicians, enthusiasts, and various social groups. Case studies, including the Catalan sardana, the Galician gaita (bagpipes), music from Holy Week celebrations, and the rabel (rebec) and its jota repertoires in Cantabria, are analysed as representative examples. This approach to traditional music and dance aims to challenge common stereotypes and exoticised perceptions of Spanish culture. It underscores the complexity of these musical traditions, highlighting their vitality and role as markers of regional and national identity, while also addressing the challenges they face in an urbanised, dynamic, post-industrial, and increasingly secularised society.

This chapter explores the regulatory challenges posed by the ‘extreme public sphere’: Alt Tech platforms that serve as media infrastructures for far-right ideologies. Triggered by the deplatforming of extremist accounts from mainstream platforms, platforms such as Gab, Bitchute, and Rumble emphasise near-absolute freedom of expression and minimal content moderation. These platforms amplify toxicity and potentially radicalise users through echo chambers. The chapter critiques the European Union’s regulatory responses, including the Digital Services Act and Codes of Conduct/Practice on hate speech and disinformation. These instruments assume that platforms are economically motivated, incentivised to maintain ‘clean’ environments for advertisers and users. However, Alt Tech platforms primarily act politically and rely on donations and subscriptions rather than advertising. As they have fewer users than mainstream platforms, they evade the risk audits and stringent obligations mandated for Very Large Online Platforms. Despite nominal compliance with legal requirements, such as user-driven moderation, Alt Tech platforms continue to host significant volumes of hate speech and disinformation. While regulation is essential, addressing the broader societal conditions that enable far-right ideologies – structural discrimination, inequality, and distrust – is critical. A whole-society approach that considers the entire communicative ecosystem could foster a more inclusive and resilient digital public sphere.

This chapter focuses on how AI influences arbitrators’ core tasks and decision-making – a development often described as ‘centaur arbitration’ – while recognising that, for now, the widespread use of AI by counsel is the main driver pushing this evolution forward. We address three central questions: (a) How do arbitrators currently use AI, and how might this develop in the future? (b) What challenges arise, and how do emerging guidelines seek to address them? (c) How does the use of AI by all arbitration participants affect the tribunal’s role and the balance between party autonomy, due process, and efficiency? By examining current practices alongside likely future developments, this chapter offers insights for practitioners and policymakers navigating the rapidly changing intersection of AI and arbitration. It shows how AI may redefine the tribunal’s responsibilities and reshape relationships within proceedings, highlighting the need for proactive regulation and thoughtful adaptation. Rather than advancing a normative conclusion, we aim to encourage reflection on how technological progress may influence our understanding of fairness, justice, and procedural integrity in arbitration.

This chapter examines the representation of militarized modernity in American literature through three Korean immigrant writers: Richard E. Kim, Ty Pak, and Henz Insu Fenkl. Initially developed to explain anticommunist statecraft and gendered citizenship in South Korea during its military regimes, militarized modernity proves a productive term for exploring the culture of the migratory circuit between South Korea and the United States. By reading Korean immigrant writers through the lens of militarized modernity, the chapter goes against the critical tendency to view militarized modernity as exclusive to countries in the developing world. Instead, it argues that Korean immigrant writings show militarized modernity as already a part of American literature by foregrounding the traces of their own context of production that register both US imperialism and the ambiguous, changing status of South Korea from occupied country to ally, and finally, to sub-empire.

This chapter is devoted to the recently defined concept of strongly regular signed graphs (SRSGs), which generalizes the notion of strongly regular graphs from the domain of ordinary graphs. It presents the basic properties of SRSGs, provides specific constructions, and, as a fundamental result, classifies them into five disjoint classes. Each class is examined in detail, highlighting both similarities and distinctions with strongly regular graphs. The chapter also explores particular connections with 3-class association schemes, as well as constructions of signed Johnson and signed Hamming graphs. The concept of strong regularity is further combined with net regularity and walk regularity, with particular attention given to signed graphs that belong to the intersection of these classes. SRSGs with a small number of eigenvalues are analysed, accompanied by numerous illustrative constructions. For example, it has been shown that every connected signed graph with exactly two eigenvalues must be strongly regular.

Chapter 8 assesses the remarkable musical achievements of Opus 4 – the composers Milimir Drašković, Miodrag Lazarov Pashu, Miroslav Savić, and Vladimir Tošić – and their peers as champions of minimalism, conceptual art, performance art, and Fluxus. This analytic-stylistic commentary, with score excerpts and compelling photographs, illustrates the influence that US minimalists and experimentalists, especially Steve Reich, Terry Riley, and John Cage, had on these young composers. The chapter examines Miloš Raičković’s approach to minimalism and the development of his “new classicism,” the conceptual approach in Drašković’s music, Lazarov Pashu’s ideosemas and action-composition, Savić’s theatrical “body art,” and Tošić’s reductionist control of limited pitch and rhythmic materials. This chapter examines the Yugoslav “neo-avant-garde” scene that developed at the Student Cultural Center in Belgrade, with appropriate emphasis on Fluxus as a link between Western and Eastern blocs.

Blame and indignation are an inevitable part of politics, central to motivating participation. They identify villains whom we loath and fear and attempt to defeat or constrain. In a world of disagreement and politics, these hostile emotions are strategically useful whether or not they are morally justified. This is especially true in a society that lacks a shared moral foundation, which I fear is more hope than reality. One category of emotions consist of long-run affective commitments, including both feelings towards groups and sources of moral admiration and disapproval. These emotions are impossible to dismiss as irrational. I examine both ‘hate groups’ and anti-hate groups to show that they are both driven by affective commitments, closely tied to cognitive elaboration. If nothing else, hostile emotions towards outsiders or scapegoats may strengthen the collective identity of one’s own group.

The chapter explores the role of music in shaping Spanish popular culture, linked to the construction of a national identity, considering the tensions between modernisation and tradition. The text examines genres such as the cuplé and Spanish song (later called copla). The latter became tied to the cultural autarky of early Francoism with a strong influence of Andalusian elements as the dictatorship progressed, music played a role in articulating mild youth dissent (rock, beat, yeye) and open political dissent (nova cançó, singer-songwriters). During late Francoism and the democratic transition, various genres articulated countercultural (psychedelia, progressive rock), regional (Andalusian or ‘gypsy rock’), youth (punk, Basque radical rock), and class (urban rumba, urban rock, hard rock) identities. The chapter also analyses La Movida, discussing its contested transgressive and postmodern elements. Finally, it examines new discourses of authenticity in Spanish indie music and glocal sounds, the revival of singer-songwriters, and musical proposals responding to the negotiation between globalisation and difference (rap), as well as transcultural hybridisations of pop with various Latin music styles, urban music, and electronic sounds up to the present day.

The first chapter concerns the significance of ethnic-national identity. It first gives a methodological argument for the focus on organizations. It then offers a breakdown of Shiʿite organizations and their interlocking board memberships in Britain and the Netherlands. This establishes ethnic-national identity as the bedrock of Shiʿite organization in the UK-Dutch sample. An Islamic thought pattern exemplified by the Shiʿite notable Ali Allawi is used to frame several cases of civic engagement that transcend the ethnic-national mould and show Shiʿism as a political actor, whose role is limited, however, by low organization density. The organizations of this chapter are ‘contrapuntal’ not only in the civic-ethnic contrast, but also in that between ethnic-national reality and the Islamic norm of parochial transcendence. Moreover, organizational reality contrasts a key trend in the social science theory of Islam in Europe, which presents Europe as an assimilating force leading to Muslims’ de-ethnicization. This first chapter indicates the opposite: identitarian retention.

This chapter describes the evolution of the mining sector in Rwanda, both its domestic mining sector and in relation to the trade of minerals from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Trading minerals from mineral-rich Eastern DRC has benefited Rwanda’s domestic economy through providing access to foreign exchange revenues. However, dependence on minerals from the DRC has been a double-edged sword. While providing significant revenues and being central to national security interests, increased reliance on the DRC contributes to the empowerment of individual business and military elites that may later become threats to the RPF’s ruling coalition. The RPF has transformed the domestic minerals sector with increased investments in geological investigations, as well as significant increases in domestic production. Dynamics in the domestic minerals sector mirror the elite vulnerability characterising other sectors. Though individual elites initially benefited from privatisation efforts, there is increased reliance on government-owned firms (like Ngali) for its most ambitious upgrading strategies. Attempts at beneficiation have been impeded by difficulties in developing effective domestic state–business relationships and challenges in centralising control over supply chains.

The introduction treats Shiʿite-European encounters; locates them in the social science theory on Muslims in Europe; frames the research question alternatively; and gives chapter outlines. It starts with a sketch of Shiʿite Muslims’ migration to Europe and the development of their communities. The literature review juxtaposes assimilatory approaches to Muslims in Europe that see Europe as a cultural transformer and sceptical perspectives asserting mal-integration or its absence. The alternative hypothesis holds that European Shiʿism has been significantly self-contained, with traditions key to grasping its self-other relations, which range from segregation to assimilation. The (post-)migration context brings self-other relations to the fore, provoking questions of relative order that are answered in more exclusionary fashion by actors closer to high jurisprudential authority. The main themes in this theory of European Shiʿism are mapped on to chapter outlines and case studies.