In his final years, American society finally punished Bieral for his violence, embracing the principle of the rule of law. His dismissal from the customs office and attempted assassination of Port Surveyor Hans Beattie led to imprisonment. The chapter examines his trial, insanity defense, and eventual pardon, contextualizing his downfall within the rise of civil service reform. Bieral’s family tragedies and his son’s criminal career underscored the generational consequences of a violent life, but he remained a popular figure. His death in a veterans’ home and burial in a national cemetery mark a quiet end to a tumultuous life. The chapter reflects on the cultural legacy of Bieral’s persona and the societal ambivalence toward violent masculinity.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Traditional marriage was a transaction between two families, negotiated by a matchmaker. Through the Mao era, marriage remained focused on reproducing the ancestral line, but new ideas of love and free choice of partner gained ground. The chapter examines the supernatural practices that established the compatibility of a potential couple, the transfer of the bride to her husband’s house, the bride’s laments, and other practices. The chapter analyses beliefs and practices around fertility, including taboos around female pollution. The 1950 Marriage Law sought to eliminate ‘feudal’ aspects of traditional marriage and there was resistance to it in rural areas, especially over its divorce provisions. Significant change took place, evinced in the rise in the average age of marriage and a decline in female infanticide. Marriage registration became the norm in towns and grew steadily in the countryside, providing something akin to a wedding ceremony. The chapter explores CCP efforts to promote companionate marriage whilst stressing the duties of a couple to the collective. It ends with the drive to eliminate extravagance from weddings.

The key algebraic invariants for our purposes are the fundamental groups of the spaces involved, the torsion linking pairing on the 3-manifold and the Euler characteristic of the complementary regions. In this chapter we shall review the basic constraints on these invariants and describe the construction by 0-framed surgery on bipartitedly slice links, from which many of our examples derive.

Settling in Boston’s North End, Bieral became a “fancy man” in the city’s brothels, embodying the violent masculinity of urban vice culture. His relationship with Mary Anne McAllister, culminating in her suspicious death, reveals the precarious lives of sex workers and the impunity of their male protectors. The chapter examines Boston’s tolerance for nonlethal violence and the legal leniency afforded to men like Bieral. His involvement in extortion, political intimidation, and brothel management illustrates the blurred lines between public service and criminal enterprise. Bieral’s rise in the underworld reflects the societal valorization of aggression and the limited protections for marginalized women.

This chapter first situates our field with reference to discussions around the numerous “turns” in applied linguistics and SLA, e.g., social, multilingual, decolonial and racial. While the time seems ripe for transdisciplinary SLA pursuits because of facilitative conditions created by the open science and the slow science movements, for instance, there are also obstacles including the neoliberal management structure in academia which can challenge such undertakings. The chapter provides some pointers for how transdisciplinary research can be conducted. Reflecting on transdisciplinarity can stimulate the rethinking of a monolithic conceptualization of language, the reexamination of the monolingual basis against which development and success are measured and the interrogation of the nature of multilingual competence. Moreover, working transdisciplinarily can potentially help better serve the users we need to serve and mitigate against the misapplication or misinterpretation of our findings. Importantly, as a field that sits on and benefits from intersections (e.g., between languages, cultures, experiences), the chapter argues that SLA researchers have a moral and ethical duty to try to alleviate the plight and tackle injustice that some of our learners and participants are subject to in their contexts.

This chapter examines the mounting unease regarding the project of public education. By the mid-1960s, technocratic, Afrocentric, and Marxist critiques articulated a growing sense of worldwide educational crisis. These critiques presented differently in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, but in both countries popular frustrations were palpable. In response, both states attempted to reform public schooling: by introducing manual training in Ghanaian middle schools and television sets in Ivorian primary schools. Both reforms failed spectacularly, ultimately confirming the state’s abdication of its promise that education would lead to a better future for all. Public education systems crumbled along with public faith in the state, creating space for the privatization of education. The erosion of the anticolonial development ideology helped pave the way for neoliberalism to take root.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Turning from the pulpit to the courtroom, Chapter 4 demonstrates the centrality of frenzy to what would later come to be termed the ‘insanity defence’. The English common law had its own framework for classifying mental illness, one which ran parallel to the medical nosologies explored in Chapter 1. This chapter explores the different categories of ‘madness’ recognizsed by early modern common lawyers – partial versus total, continual versus intermittent – and shows where frenzy fitted within this framework. It then turns to look at how these theories were mobilized in a specific legal context: coroners’ inquests into unexplained drownings. Where suicide was suspected, it argues, a story about frenzy – told right – offered an escape route for suspects and their families. Crucial, here, was the issue of culpability: frantic persons could not be held accountable for what they did while their wits were impaired. Without the capacity for consent, crime was impossible.

This chapter examines what the authorities called ‘mass superstitious incidents’ that took place in the early 1950s. These involved the movement of large numbers of people in search of holy water and sacred medicine. They were inspired to travel by the belief that sacred medicine had been brought down to earth by gods who were exhibiting their spiritual efficacy. It was an opportunity to access healing without the mediation of ritual specialists. The chapter looks at the role of stories of miraculous cures in spreading the phenomenon. Those who partook of sacred medicine explained that they did so because the level of rural healthcare was so dismal. Local officials were disconcerted by these events, not least because Beijing emitted conflicting signals on how local officials should respond. In a handful of cases pilgrims, stood up to attempts to shut down the sacred sites. As rural healthcare improved, pilgrimage for sacred medicine declined.

Now in its second edition, this handbook is a current overview of second language (L2) research, providing state-of-the-art synopses of recent developments in each subarea of the field and bringing together contributions by emerging scholars and experts in second language acquisition (SLA). Since the first edition, broad sociopolitical movements, alternative views of bilingualism, emergence of global markets, vast expansion of electronic resources, the development of social media and the availability of big data have transformed the discipline, and this edition has been thoroughly updated to address these changes. It is divided into six main parts: Part I situates SLA in terms of research and practice; Part II explores individual cognitive, age-related and neurolinguistic similarities and differences; Part III outlines external, sociocultural and interactive factors; Part IV presents profiles of bilinguals who take differing paths of acquisition; Part V describes interlanguage properties; and Part VI comprises clear models of L2 development.

In this chapter we turn our attention to the variety of possible embeddings. We consider here χ(W) and π1W, for W a complementary region of an embedding of M in S4.