The story of the Iron Age Greeks in the western Mediterranean is currently under revision. The still dominant story is that Greeks migrated there in search of better land and greater economic opportunities unavailable in their homeland and encountered peoples who were backward in terms of their cultural, social, political, economic, and technological development. Through this interaction, the region’s cultural development was brought into line with these more sophisticated Greek newcomers. In the last fifteen years, however, a new picture challenging this traditional story has emerged, thanks to growing and better-interpreted archaeological data particularly from Etruria and Sardinia in Italy. This new picture has included significant changes to absolute chronologies, which have established that Italian developments are earlier than previously thought and are hardly describable as backward. Scholarship remains polarized between these two competing narratives. This chapter seeks to bridge these polarized divides and to take a more nuanced approach to the current block thinking. It argues that Etruria and Sardinia were indeed important regions in the Early Iron Age, capable of attracting Greeks westwards, and that Greeks had the greatest impact on those areas of Italy where they founded city-states.

This chapter examines Allen Ginsberg’s life-long relationship to education through an exploration of his formative years in both high school and at Columbia University in New York, his founding of the Jack Kerouac School at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, with Anne Waldman as well as his work teaching at Brooklyn College, and finally the legacy of his writing as it continues to be taught. Ginsberg always had a scholarly disposition, and thus it comes as little surprise that he was an award-winning student in high school. This success continued into his Columbia years, though his education expanded outside the classroom to include a “Beat” underworld that introduced him to illicit substances and clandestine texts. While he left the university to pursue poetry, he reentered it later in life to teach, with Buddhism being a key component of his pedagogy, especially at Naropa. While not everyone was a fan of Ginsberg’s pedagogy, most found his heartfelt attempt to share his own thoughts, feelings, and ideas on his own favorite poets in the classroom to have been enlightening. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the problems and potential Ginsberg still holds as his controversial work enters the classroom today.

This chapter explores Egypt’s interactions with Greeks and Greek culture during the Iron Age, particularly from 1000 to the early sixth century BCE. These interactions stemmed from Egypt’s integration (or lack thereof) into broader Mediterranean and Near Eastern trade and political networks. While evidence of Greek presence in Egypt before the seventh century BCE is limited, Egyptian or Egyptianizing goods were widely circulated in the Aegean, suggesting indirect contact through intermediaries like Phoenician traders. The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BCE) was marked by political fragmentation and foreign dynasties, leading to an internal focus and limited engagement with Greek material culture. However, by the early Saite Period (664–332 BCE), foreign mercenaries and traders began settling in Egypt, culminating in the Greek emporion at Naukratis under Psamtik I. Archaeological evidence, including imported Greek pottery and Egyptian bronzes found in Greek sanctuaries, underscores the shifting dynamics of these interactions. The Saite rulers embraced foreign goods and influences as strategic tools for consolidating power, in stark contrast to their predecessors. This study emphasizes the role of archaeological data over Greek literary sources, offering insights into the evolving relationship between Egypt and Greece and the broader implications for Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange.

This chapter discusses the relationship between WTO law and other public international law (PIL), focusing on the interpretation of WTO law through the lens of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). It examines how WTO dispute settlement bodies have approached non-WTO law, particularly in the context of treaty interpretation and potential conflicts between legal regimes. The chapter argues that while the VCLT provides a framework for interpretation, it has limitations in addressing conflicts between different agreements, as illustrated by the interaction between the Paris Agreement and the WTO. The authors contend that legislative solutions within the WTO are necessary to address these conflicts and ensure the WTO’s continued relevance in the face of global challenges like climate change.