This chapter sets out the rationale for and provides an overview of the content of Submarines in International Law. It discusses a definition of submarines and describes a legal taxonomy of submarines; explaining how submarines may be categorized in a way that is legally relevant by considering the owner/operator, the purpose, their mode of power, and weaponry aboard. A critical consideration in addressing the international laws regulating submarine operations is the sovereign immunity that may apply and legal consequences of that immunity. Whether a submarine is nuclear powered or nuclear armed may also hold legal relevance. It is also important to acknowledge the growing private use of submarines for diverse reasons: criminal activity, research and for leisure. These uses are also regulated under international law and the chapter explains the different bodies of international law that are canvased in the book.

This chapter analyses submarines activities against requirements under the law on the use of force (jus ad bellum). Key actions at issue in this regard are the submerged passage of a foreign-flagged submarine in the territorial waters of a coastal State, as well as coastal State responses against a submerged submarine. We examine when submarine activities may constitute a prohibited threat of the use of force, as well as an unlawful use of force, in violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. Military submarines may be deployed lawfully in response to an armed attack, provided the requirements of the right of self-defence are met. Submarines may also exercise a lawful right of unit self-defence where that response is necessary and proportionate. Responses of coastal States against submarine operations are also assessed within the law on the use of force.

The chapter provides an overview of the genre landscape of Maconchy’s work. Taking as its starting point the string quartets that have historically been the focus of interest in Maconchy, it traverses that landscape across the range of other chamber (and few keyboard works), her orchestral music, works for music theatre and vocal music, both solo and choral. The chapter points out noteworthy features of her oeuvre: her proclivity for works with a concertante element, in chamber as in orchestral music; works straddling the line between chamber and orchestral music; the increasing individuation of titles in her later work; the many works with a diminution in the title. It also briefly touches upon the uneven treatment of her works by the record industry and scholarship, with the string quartets and, to a lesser degree, other chamber music at one end and the many vocal works at the other.

This chapter focuses on blackface in Argentina, and on the larger implications embedded within the practice in that specific nation. The particularities of its use in the Argentine context are significant because of the country’s powerful nation-building mythology, which holds there are no Black people in the nation. Numerous scholarly investigations have demonstrated the consistent and sustained presence of Africans and Afrodescendants throughout the country’s history.

Maududi’s ideas on Islamic economics have also been very influential across the Muslim world, and some argue that he should be recognized as the father of the contemporary Islamic finance sector, valued at roughly $3.5 trillion today. Arshad Zaman has rightly argued that Maududi’s insistence on using the term ma‘ashiyyat, which carries the meaning of ’provision of livelihood’, rather than iqtisādiyyat, which is more readily translated as ’economics’, is significant . Maududi was making an explicit statement against the centrality of wealth acquisition and generation associated with the term iqtisādiyyat. This collection of essays was first published in 1969, and the writings included range over the thirty years preceding its publication.

Elizabeth Maconchy inhabited a variety of different worlds. She was a female composer at a time when there were considerably fewer of them than their male counterparts; she was a wife and mother; she was English born to Irish parents, spending much of her childhood in Ireland before moving back to England as a teenager to study at the Royal College of Music; and she had a life-changing bout of tuberculosis in an era when the treatment largely involved cold, fresh air and a retreat from hard work. These worlds, as well as the colourful and thrilling variety of Maconchy’s music, are explored in Maconchy in Context, the first in the series to be devoted to a female composer.

In this chapter, we examine the allocation of rights and duties between States in relation to foreign-flagged submarine activities in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a coastal State. Submarine activities include military activities and intelligence gathering, as well as extending to different forms of research. We assess the difference between military research and other forms of marine scientific research and the concomitant rights and duties of States in relation to these different types of research. Privately owned submarines may also engage in commercial activities in the EEZ associated with the exploration and exploitation of natural resources, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and for leisure or tourism purposes. The chapter identifies the applicable rights and responsibilities under international law to regulate those activities, as well as explaining limits on the rights of States through reference to due regard and non-abuse of rights.

This chapter provides an overview of Indian South African English, which remains an important ethnolect within South Africa, since language shift has resulted in the Indian population having English as its L1 (with the exception of new post-1994 migrants from India). Yet SAIE remains culturally distinct and in turning into an L1, SAIE has not jettisoned the L2 features of three to four decades ago, when shift was at its peak. This position aligns SAIE with Irish English as “language shift varieties”. The L2-features-turned-L1 illustrated in this chapter do not occur as frequently as in the 1970s and 1980s. Many speakers are now polystylistic (in either a general South African English or even an acrolectal standard variety tied slightly more to international than White South African English). However, the former L2 features do surface in the most informal end of the stylistic continuum, especially in in-group speech, as illustrated in this chapter.