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2398 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 108 of 120

Target Estimation and Adjustment Weighting for Survey Nonresponse and Sampling Bias

Target Estimation and Adjustment Weighting for Survey Nonresponse and Sampling Bias
  • Devin Caughey, Adam J. Berinsky, Sara Chatfield, Erin Hartman, Eric Schickler, Jasjeet S. Sekhon
  • Published online:
    29 September 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020
  • We elaborate a general workflow of weighting-based survey inference, decomposing it into two main tasks. The first is the estimation of population targets from one or more sources of auxiliary information. The second is the construction of weights that calibrate the survey sample to the population targets. We emphasize that these tasks are predicated on models of the measurement, sampling, and nonresponse process whose assumptions cannot be fully tested. After describing this workflow in abstract terms, we then describe in detail how it can be applied to the analysis of historical and contemporary opinion polls. We also discuss extensions of the basic workflow, particularly inference for causal quantities and multilevel regression and poststratification.
Fighting Armed Conflicts in Southeast Asia

Fighting Armed Conflicts in Southeast Asia
  • Ethnicity and Difference
  • Shane Joshua Barter
  • Published online:
    28 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • This Element seeks to make sense of Southeast Asia's numerous armed conflicts. It makes four contributions. First, this study provides a typology, distinguishing between revolutionary, secessionist, and communal conflicts. The first two are types of insurgencies, while the latter are ethnic conflicts. Second, this study emphasizes the importance of ethnicity in shaping conflict dynamics. This is true even for revolutionary conflicts, which at first glance may appear unrelated to ethnicity. A third contribution relates to broad conflict trends. Revolutionary and secessionist conflicts feature broad historical arcs, with clear peaks and declines, while communal conflicts occur more sporadically. The fourth contribution ties these points together by focusing on conflict management. Just as ethnicity shapes conflicts, ethnic leaders and traditions can also promote peace. Cultural mechanisms are especially important for managing communal conflicts, the lone type not declining in Southeast Asia.
The Frankfurt Book Fair and Bestseller Business

The Frankfurt Book Fair and Bestseller Business
  • Beth Driscoll, Claire Squires
  • Published online:
    28 September 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020
  • The Frankfurt Book Fair is the leading global industry venue for rights sales, facilitating business-to-buzzness deals and international networks. In this Element, we pursue an Ullapoolist approach to excavate beneath the production of bestsellers at the Fair. Our investigation involved three consecutive years of fieldwork (2017–2019) including interviews and autoethnographic, arts-informed interventions. The Element argues that buzz at the Fair exists in two states: as market-ready media reports and partial, lived experiences linked to mood. The physical structures and absences of the Fair enact its power relations and direct the flow of books and buzz. Further, the Fair is not only a site for commercial exchange but a carnival of sorts, marked by disruptive historical events and problematic socio-political dynamics. Key themes emerging from the Element are the presence of excess, the pseudo(neo)liberal self-satisfaction of book culture, and the interplay of optimism and pessimism in contemporary publishing.
Walls, Cages, and Family Separation

Walls, Cages, and Family Separation
  • Race and Immigration Policy in the Trump Era
  • Sophia Jordán Wallace, Chris Zepeda-Millán
  • Published online:
    28 September 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020
  • US immigration policy has deeply racist roots. From his rhetoric to his policies, President Donald Trump has continued this tradition, most notoriously through his border wall, migrant family separation, and child detention measures. But who exactly supports these practices and what factors drive their opinions? Our research reveals that racial attitudes are fundamental to understanding who backs the president's most punitive immigration policies. We find that whites who feel culturally threatened by Latinos, who harbor racially resentful sentiments, and who fear a future in which the United States will be a majority–minority country, are among the most likely to support Trump's actions on immigration. We argue that while the President's policies are unpopular with the majority of Americans, Trump has grounded his political agenda and 2020 reelection bid on his ability to politically mobilize the most racially conservative segment of whites who back his draconian immigration enforcement measures.
The TEX86 Paleotemperature Proxy

The TEX86 Paleotemperature Proxy
  • Gordon N. Inglis, Jessica E. Tierney
  • Published online:
    26 September 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020
  • The TEX86 paleothermometer is based upon the distribution of archaeal membrane lipids ('GDGTs') in marine sediments. GDGTs are ubiquitous, abundant and relatively resistant to degradation; as such, the TEX86 paleothermometer has been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) during the Cenozoic and early Mesozoic. We review the principles of the TEX86 proxy and developments made over the last two decades. We also discuss its application as a paleotemperature proxy and explore existing challenges and limitations.
A Comparative Study of Rock Art in Later Prehistoric Europe

A Comparative Study of Rock Art in Later Prehistoric Europe
  • Richard Bradley
  • Published online:
    23 September 2020
    Print publication:
    22 October 2020
  • The Element summarises the state of knowledge about four styles of prehistoric rock art in Europe current between the late Mesolithic period and the Iron Age. They are the Levantine, Macroschematic and Schematic traditions in the Iberian Peninsula; the Atlantic style that extended between Portugal, Spain, Britain and Ireland; Alpine rock art; and the pecked and painted images found in Fennoscandia. They are interpreted in relation to the landscapes in which they were made. Their production is related to monument building, the decoration of portable objects, trade and long distance travel, burial rites, and warfare. A final discussion considers possible connections between these separate traditions and the changing subject matter of rock art in relation to wider developments in European prehistoric societies.
Can We Be Wrong? The Problem of Textual Evidence in a Time of Data

Can We Be Wrong? The Problem of Textual Evidence in a Time of Data
  • Andrew Piper
  • Published online:
    22 September 2020
    Print publication:
    19 November 2020
  • This Element tackles the problem of generalization with respect to text-based evidence in the field of literary studies. When working with texts, how can we move, reliably and credibly, from individual observations to more general beliefs about the world? The onset of computational methods has highlighted major shortcomings of traditional approaches to texts when it comes to working with small samples of evidence. This Element combines a machine learning-based approach to detect the prevalence and nature of generalization across tens of thousands of sentences from different disciplines alongside a robust discussion of potential solutions to the problem of the generalizability of textual evidence. It exemplifies the way mixed methods can be used in complementary fashion to develop nuanced, evidence-based arguments about complex disciplinary issues in a data-driven research environment.
Rural Development in Southeast Asia

Rural Development in Southeast Asia
  • Dispossession, Accumulation and Persistence
  • Jonathan Rigg
  • Published online:
    21 September 2020
    Print publication:
    01 October 2020
  • Rural areas and rural people have been centrally implicated in Southeast Asia's modernisation. Through the three entry points of smallholder persistence, upland dispossession, and landlessness, this Element offers an insight into the ways in which the countryside has been transformed over the past half century. Drawing on primary fieldwork undertaken in Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, and secondary studies from across the region, Rigg shows how the experience of Southeast Asia offers a counterpoint and a challenge to standard, historicist understandings of agrarian change and, more broadly, development. Taking a rural view allows an alternative lens for theorising and judging Southeast Asia's modernisation experience and narrative. The Element argues that if we are to capture the nature – and not just the direction and amount – of agrarian change in Southeast Asia, then we need to view the countryside as more than rural and greater than farming.
Samuel Beckett's Geological Imagination

Samuel Beckett's Geological Imagination
  • Mark Byron
  • Published online:
    18 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • Samuel Beckett's Geological Imagination addresses the ubiquity of earthy objects in Beckett's prose, drama and poetry, exploring how mineral and archaeological objects bear upon the themes, narrative locus, and sensibilities of Beckett's texts in surprisingly varied ways. By deploying figures of ruination and excavation with etymological self-awareness, Beckett's late prose narratives – Company, Ill Seen Ill Said, and Worstward Ho – comprise a late-career meditation on the stratigraphic layerings of language and memory over an extended writing career. These layers comprise an embodied record of writing in their allusions to literary history and to Beckett's own oeuvre.
Selenium Isotope Paleobiogeochemistry

Selenium Isotope Paleobiogeochemistry
  • Eva E. Stüeken, Michael A. Kipp
  • Published online:
    18 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • The attraction of selenium isotopes as a paleoenvironmental tracer lies in the high redox potential of selenium oxyanions (SeIV and SeVI), the dominant species in the modern ocean. The largest isotopic fractionations occur during oxyanion reduction, which makes selenium isotopes a sensitive proxy for the redox evolution of our planet. As a case study we review existing data from the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic, which show that significant isotopic fractionations are absent until 2.5 Ga, and prolonged isotopic deviations only appear around 2.3 Ga. Selenium isotopes have thus begun to reveal complex spatiotemporal redox patterns not reflected in other proxies.
Emotion, Sense, Experience

Emotion, Sense, Experience
  • Rob Boddice, Mark Smith
  • Published online:
    18 September 2020
    Print publication:
    15 October 2020
  • Emotion, Sense, Experience calls on historians of emotions and the senses to come together in serious and sustained dialogue. The Element outlines the deep if largely unacknowledged genealogy of historical writing insisting on a braided history of emotions and the senses; explains why recent historical treatments have sometimes profitably but nonetheless unhelpfully segregated the emotions from the senses; and makes a compelling case for the heuristic and interpretive dividends of bringing emotions and sensory history into conversation. Ultimately, we envisage a new way of understanding historical lived experience generally, as a mutable product of a situated world-brain-body dynamic. Such a project necessarily points us towards new interdisciplinary engagement and collaboration, especially with social neuroscience. Unpicking some commonly held assumptions about affective and sensory experience, we re-imagine the human being as both biocultural and historical, reclaiming the analysis of human experience from biology and psychology and seeking new collaborative efforts.
Relative Change

Relative Change
  • Matthew Duncombe
  • Published online:
    17 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • A relative change occurs when some item changes a relation. This Element examines how Plato, Aristotle, Stoics and Sextus Empiricus approached relative change. Relative change is puzzling because the following three propositions each seem true but cannot be true together: (1) No relative changes are intrinsic changes; (2) Only intrinsic changes are proper changes; (3) Some relative changes are proper changes. Plato's Theaetetus and Phaedo property relative change. I argue that these dialogues assume relative changes to be intrinsic changes, so denying (1). Aristotle responds differently, by denying (3) that relative change is proper change. The Stoics claimed that some non-intrinsic changes are changes (denying (2)). Finally, I discuss Sextus' argument that relative change shows that there are no relatives at all.
Wittgenstein's Heirs and Editors

Wittgenstein's Heirs and Editors
  • Christian Erbacher
  • Published online:
    16 September 2020
    Print publication:
    10 December 2020
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein is one of the most widely read philosophers of the twentieth century. But the books in which his philosophy was published – with the exception of his early work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus – were posthumously edited from the writings he left to posterity. How did his 20,000 pages of philosophical writing become published volumes? Using extensive archival material, this Element reconstructs and examines the way in which Wittgenstein's writings were edited over more than fifty years, and shows how the published volumes tell a thrilling story of philosophical inheritance. The discussion ranges over the conflicts between the editors, their deviations from Wittgenstein's manuscripts, other scholarly issues which arose, and also the shared philosophical tradition of the editors, which animated their desire to be faithful to Wittgenstein and to make his writings both available and accessible. The Element can thus be read as a companion to all of Wittgenstein's published works of philosophy.
An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins

An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins
  • From Materials to Systems Design
  • Weidong Yang, Matthew Hon, Haicheng Yao, Benjamin C. K. Tee
  • Published online:
    15 September 2020
    Print publication:
    01 October 2020
  • Electronic skins are critical for many applications in human-machine-environment interactions. Tactile sensitivity over large areas can be especially applied to prosthetics. Moreover, the potential for wearables, interactive surfaces, and human robotics have propelled research in this area. In this Element, we provide an account and directional atlas of the progress in materials and devices for electronic skins, in the context of sensing principles and skin-like features. Additionally, we give an overview of essential electronic circuits and systems used in large-area tactile sensor arrays. Finally, we present the challenges and provide perspectives on future developments.
God and Emotion

God and Emotion
  • R. T. Mullins
  • Published online:
    14 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • An introductory exploration on the nature of emotions, and examination of some of the critical issues surrounding the emotional life of God as they relate to happiness, empathy, love, and moral judgments. Covering the different criteria used in the debate between impassibility and passibility, readers can begin to think about which emotions can be predicated of God and which cannot.
Lynching and Local Justice

Lynching and Local Justice
  • Legitimacy and Accountability in Weak States
  • Danielle F. Jung, Dara Kay Cohen
  • Published online:
    14 September 2020
    Print publication:
    17 September 2020
  • What are the social and political consequences of poor state governance and low state legitimacy? Under what conditions does lynching – lethal, extralegal group violence to punish offenses to the community – become an acceptable practice? We argue lynching emerges when neither the state nor its challengers have a monopoly over legitimate authority. When authority is contested or ambiguous, mass punishment for transgressions can emerge that is public, brutal, and requires broad participation. Using new cross-national data, we demonstrate lynching is a persistent problem in dozens of countries over the last four decades. Drawing on original survey and interview data from Haiti and South Africa, we show how lynching emerges and becomes accepted. Specifically, support for lynching most likely occurs in one of three conditions: when states fail to provide governance, when non-state actors provide social services, or when neighbors must rely on self-help.
Selves as Solutions to Social Inequalities

Selves as Solutions to Social Inequalities
  • Why Engaging the Full Complexity of Social Identities is Critical to Addressing Disparities
  • Tiffany N. Brannon, Peter H. Fisher, Abigail J. Greydanus
  • Published online:
    14 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • Social disparities tied to social group membership(s) are prevalent and persistent within mainstream institutions (e.g., schools/workplaces). Accordingly, psychological science has harnessed selves - which are malleable and meaningfully shaped by social group membership(s) - as solutions to inequality. We propose and review evidence that theoretical and applied impacts of leveraging 'selves as solutions' can be furthered through the use of a stigma and strengths framework. Specifically, this framework conceptualizes selves in their fuller complexity, allowing the same social group membership to be associated with stigma, risk, and devaluation as well as strengths, resilience, and pride. We provide evidence that by enacting policies and practices that (a) reduce/minimize stigma and (b) recognize/include strengths, mainstream institutions can more fully mitigate social disparities tied to inclusion, achievement and well-being. Using social groups that vary in status/power we examine implications of this framework including the potential to foster positive, recursive, and intergroup impacts on social inequalities.
Earth History of Oxygen and the iprOxy

Earth History of Oxygen and the iprOxy
  • Zunli Lu, Wanyi Lu, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Ellen Thomas
  • Published online:
    11 September 2020
    Print publication:
    08 October 2020
  • How oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere and oceans evolved has always been a central question in Earth System Science. Researchers have developed numerous tracers to tackle this question, utilizing geochemical characteristics of different elements. Iodine incorporated in calcium carbonate (including biogenic) minerals, reported as I/Ca, is a proxy for dissolved oxygen in seawater. Here we review the rationale behind this proxy, its recent applications and some potential future research directions.
About Shakespeare

About Shakespeare
  • Bodies, Spaces and Texts
  • Robert Shaughnessy
  • Published online:
    09 September 2020
    Print publication:
    01 October 2020
  • This Element addresses the question of what Shakespeare in contemporary performance is about, and whether it really is, as it may claim to be, about Shakespeare. Far from charting a smooth journey from page to stage, the work of making Shakespeare into performances often involves deflection, evasion and circumnavigation. Drawing upon the work of the Royal Shakespeare Company, Shakespeare's Globe and the Schaubühne Berlin, About Shakespeare examines theatrical bodies, the spaces inhabited by actors and audiences, and the texts that circulate around and between them.
Multimodal News Analysis across Cultures

Multimodal News Analysis across Cultures
  • Helen Caple, Changpeng Huan, Monika Bednarek
  • Published online:
    02 September 2020
    Print publication:
    17 September 2020
  • Corpus-based discourse analysts are becoming increasingly interested in the incorporation of non-linguistic data, for example through corpus-assisted multimodal discourse analysis. This Element applies this new approach in relation to how news values are discursively constructed through language and photographs. Using case studies of news from China and Australia, the Element presents a cross-linguistic comparison of news values in national day reporting. Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) has so far been mainly applied to English-language data. This Element offers a new investigation of Chinese DNVA and provides momentum to scholars around the world who are already adopting DNVA to their local contexts. With its focus on national days across two very different cultures, the Element also contributes to research on national identity and cross-linguistic corpus linguistics.

Page 108 of 120