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2762 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 81 of 139

A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-opportunism

A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-opportunism
  • Kenneth Ayotte, Ezra Friedman, Henry E. Smith
  • Published online:
    14 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Equity can be defined as the use of a more flexible, morally judgmental, and subjective mode of legal decision making that roughly corresponds with historical equity. This Element presents a simple contracting model that captures the role of equity as a safety valve, and shows how it can solve problems posed by opportunists–agents with unusual willingness and ability to take advantage of necessary imperfections in the law. In this model, a simple but imperfect formal legal regime is able to achieve first best in the absence of opportunists. But when opportunists are added, a more flexible regime (equity), can be preferred. However, equity is also vulnerable to being used opportunistically by the parties it intends to protect. Hence, the Element shows that it is often preferable to limit equity, reserving it for use only against those who appear sufficiently likely to be opportunists.
Virtual Trade in a Changing World

Virtual Trade in a Changing World
  • Comparative Advantage, Growth and Inequality
  • Sugata Marjit, Gouranga G. Das, Biswajit Mandal
  • Published online:
    14 August 2023
    Print publication:
    28 September 2023
  • Virtual economic transactions have radically transformed the way we think about trade and markets in closed and open economies. Continuous decline in costs of information and communications and setting up of phenomenally large number of virtual platforms have brought in 'Time' as an essential element in the discourse on international trade. This work delves deep into the issue of how Time enters as a major catalyst of international trade and virtual transactions. This changes the way we look at ideas of comparative advantage, factor mobility, growth, income distribution, and allied concepts. A key result is that greater physical distance might encourage trade contrary to what we are accustomed to accept.
Creative Sign Language

Creative Sign Language
  • Rachel Sutton-Spence, Fernanda de Araújo Machado
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • This Element describes creative sign language in deaf literature. To showcase the exciting developments in Latin American deaf literature, the authors focus upon creative Libras as it is used by the Brazilian deaf community, while emphasising aspects of Libras literature that can be seen in similar productions and performances in sign language literatures around the world. Throughout the Element, the authors refer to examples of Libras poems and stories to give readers a practical experience of appreciating works of creative sign language. They describe Libras literature within its historical and social contexts and consider questions of performance, filming and editing and the potential for written Libras literature. Drawing on anthologies of Libras poems, jokes and stories, they use close-reading techniques to show how the literary effects are created, while reminding the reader that sign language literature cannot be separated from the deaf community.
Mental Content

Mental Content
  • Peter Schulte
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element provides a comprehensive introduction to contemporary theories of mental content. After clarifying central concepts and identifying the questions that dominate the current debate, it presents and discusses the principal accounts of the nature of mental content (or mental representation), which include causal, informational, teleological and structuralist approaches, alongside the phenomenal intentionality approach and the intentional stance theory. Additionally, it examines anti-representationalist accounts which question either the existence or the explanatory relevance of mental content. Finally, the Element concludes by considering some recent developments in the debate about mental content, specifically the “explanatory turn” and its implications for questions about representations in basic cognitive systems and the representational character of current empirical theories of cognition.
Enhancing Educators' Theoretical and Practical Understandings of Critical Literacy

Enhancing Educators' Theoretical and Practical Understandings of Critical Literacy
  • Vera Sotirovska, Margaret Vaughn
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • This Element explores ways to promote critical literacy in teacher education. First, the authors define critical literacy in the context of teacher education through established theoretical frameworks and models of critical literacy pedagogy and share their collective findings on critical literacy research over the course of a decade. Building from these theoretical understandings of critical literacy, they outline ways to actualize critical literacy in teacher education as a transformative pedagogy coupled with resources and activities that support equitable teaching practices. Next, they illustrate how adaptive teaching supports critical literacy pedagogy and underscore autoethnography as a reflective tool to engage pre-service teachers in critical literacy practice. They model this approach with mentor text analyses using critical literacy as a lens to facilitate critically-oriented mindsets in teachers through visioning. They conclude with implications for classroom practice at the intersections of critical literacy and teacher preparation and provide directions for future research.
Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future
  • Societal Processes and Transformative Capacity
  • Gordon Redding
  • Published online:
    11 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Systems of capitalism are conceived as formed under certain broad logics that apply to all, but which then interpret those logics in distinct ways society by society, seen as the society's own processes. Such processes cluster into three categories: an inspiring context; a transformative capacity; and empowered action. The political role is that of balancing the influences across the total. Each inspirational influence adds a key contribution, as with benevolent empowering authority, and critical thinking. Transformative capacity is built by: innovativeness and cooperativeness; and stable decentralized authority flows from communicative action, spontaneous emergent ordering; and competitive productivity. Societal progress may be explained in terms of the integrated workings of these processes to yield an ethically legitimate structure for the prosperity-driven creating and distributing of wealth. Two main stereotypes are examined to compare their workings and their outcomes: the Western free market democratic, and the Chinese party-state driven.
Space as Language

Space as Language
  • The Properties of Typographic Space
  • Will Hill
  • Published online:
    10 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • This Element examines the function and significance of typographic space. It considers in turn the space within letters, the space between letters, the space between lines, and the margin space surrounding the text-block, to develop the hypothesis that viewed collectively these constitute a 'metalanguage' complementary to the text. Drawing upon critical perspectives from printing, typeface design, typography, avant-garde artistic practice and design history, the Element examines the connotative values and philosophies embodied in the form and disposition of space. These include the values attributed to symmetry and asymmetry, the role of 'active' space in the development of modernist typography, the debated relationship between type and writing, the divergent ideologies of the printing industry and the letter arts, and the impact of successive technologies upon both the organisation and the perception of typographic space.
Explaining Technology

Explaining Technology
  • Roger Koppl, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Abigail Devereaux, Brian D. Fath, James Herriot, Wim Hordijk, Stuart Kauffman, Robert E. Ulanowicz, Sergi Valverde
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • A long tradition explains technological change as recombination. Within this tradition, this Element develops an innovative combinatorial model of technological change and tests it with 2,000 years of global GDP data and with data from US patents filed between 1835 and 2010. The model explains 1) the pace of technological change for a least the past two millennia, 2) patent citations and 3) the increasing complexity of tools over time. It shows that combining and modifying pre-existing goods to produce new goods generates the observed historical pattern of technological change. A long period of stasis was followed by sudden super-exponential growth in the number of goods. In this model, the sudden explosion of about 250 years ago is a combinatorial explosion that was a long time in coming, but inevitable once the process began at least two thousand years ago. This Element models the Industrial Revolution as a combinatorial explosion.
Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan

Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan
  • Pubbliche feste at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
  • Alessandra Palidda
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • At the turn of the nineteenth century, Lombardy and its capital Milan lived through a season of intense social and political change, especially in the passage between Austrian Monarchy and Napoleonic republics (1796-1799, and 1800-1802). While affecting cultural production on all levels, this passage occasioned a significant change in terms of public celebration, with republican festivals and other celebratory occasions coming from revolutionary France being reframed amongst Milanese specificities. After establishing a solid historical and aesthetic background to Lombardy in this delicate period, to the revolutionary models and to the Milanese substrate, this Element aims at reconstructing and describing the main features of the French republican festivals in Milan, and their impact on the city's landscape, soundscape and self-representation. It will also conclude by offering some reflections on these events' consequences on the following century's patriotism/nationalism and cultural production, reinstating them as an interesting, albeit forgotten case study.
The Political Economy of Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and the War on Terror

The Political Economy of Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and the War on Terror
  • Anne R. Bradley, Christopher J. Coyne, Abigail R. Hall
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element explores the topics of terrorism, counterterrorism, and the US government's war on terror following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. It draw on insights from Austrian and public choice economics. First, the foundations of the economics of terrorism are discussed emphasizing that the behaviors of terrorists and counter-terrorists are purposeful and goal-oriented. Then, the economics of counterterrorism policies and the importance of institutional change is considered. Next, the three dilemmas facing liberal societies as it relates to counterterrorism efforts is focused on. The Element then provides an assessment of the US government's war on terror. It discusses the origins of the war, discuss whether it can be judged a success or failure, and consider some of the main effects both abroad and within the United States. The final chapter concludes with a discussion of several areas for future research.
The Social Origins of Electoral Participation in Emerging Democracies

The Social Origins of Electoral Participation in Emerging Democracies
  • Danielle F. Jung, James D. Long
  • Published online:
    08 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Given the enormous challenges they face, why do so many citizens in developing countries routinely turn out to vote? This Element explores a new explanation grounded in the social origins of electoral participation in emerging democracies, where mobilization requires local collective action. This Element argues that, beyond incentives to express ethnic identity and vote-buying, perceptions of social sanctioning from community-based formal and informal actors galvanize many to vote who might otherwise stay home. Sanctioning is reinforced by the ability to monitor individual turnout given the open layout and centralized locations of polling stations and the use of electoral ink that identifies voters. This argument is tested using original survey and qualitative data from Africa and Afghanistan, contributing important insights on the nature of campaigns and elections in the promotion of state-building and service delivery, and the critical role voters play reducing fears of global democratic backsliding.
Investing in Innovation

Investing in Innovation
  • Confronting Predatory Value Extraction in the U.S. Corporation
  • William Lazonick
  • Published online:
    07 August 2023
    Print publication:
    30 November 2023
  • Business corporations interact with household units and government agencies to make investments in productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. When they work harmoniously, these three types of organizations constitute 'the investment triad'. The Biden administration's Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States has focused on investment in productive capabilities by government agencies and household units. Largely absent from the Biden agenda have been policy initiatives to ensure that, given government and household investment in productive capabilities, the governance of major U.S. business corporations supports investment in innovation. This Element explains how corporate financialization, manifested by predatory value extraction in the name of 'maximizing shareholder value', undermines investment in innovation in the United States. It concludes by outlining a policy framework, beginning with a ban on stock buybacks, that confronts predatory value extraction and puts in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity.
Somewhere Else in the Market

Somewhere Else in the Market
  • An Essay on the Poetry of J. H. Prynne
  • Joe Luna
  • Published online:
    07 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element develops a close reading of 'Britain's leading late modernist poet', J. H. Prynne. Examining the political and literary contexts of Prynne's work of the 1980s, the Element offers an intervention into the existing scholarship on Prynne through close attention to the ways in which his poems respond to the social and political forces that define both modern Britain and the wider world of financialized capitalism.
Theresa Hak Kyung Cha in Black and White

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha in Black and White
  • Josephine Nock-Hee Park
  • Published online:
    03 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • Theresa Hak Kyung Cha in Black and White explores the relation between text, author, and reader – a nexus theorized as the 'apparatus' in Cha's study of cinema – by tracing two key literary intertexts in Dictée: Henry James's 'The Jolly Corner,' a submerged literary resonance in Apparatus, Cha's anthology of film theory, and the writing of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, a primary intertext at the heart of Dictée. In Cha's film theory, black and white is the flicker of the cinematic apparatus, and the Elements readings consider this contrasting palette in self-reflexive portraits in black and white. This study reads flashes of identification, often in punishing self-encounters, and it dwells on the figure of the martyr to arrive at the death of Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, the patron saint of artists and scholars fascinated by her art and her suffering.
A Family-Centered Signed Language Curriculum to Support Deaf Children's Language Acquisition

A Family-Centered Signed Language Curriculum to Support Deaf Children's Language Acquisition
  • Razi M. Zarchy, Leah C. Geer
  • Published online:
    02 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • Deaf children experience language deprivation at alarmingly high rates. One contributing factor is that most are born to non-signing hearing parents who face insurmountable barriers to learning a signed language. This Element presents a case for developing signed language curricula for hearing families with deaf children that are family-centered and focus on child-directed language. Core vocabulary, functional sentences, and facilitative language techniques centered around common daily routines allow families to apply what they learn immediately. Additionally, Deaf Community Cultural Wealth (DCCW) lessons build families' capacity to navigate the new terrain of raising a deaf child. If early intervention programs serving the families of young deaf children incorporate this type of curriculum into their service delivery, survey data suggest that it is both effective and approachable for this target population, so the rates of language deprivation may decline.
Philosophy of Open Science

Philosophy of Open Science
  • Sabina Leonelli
  • Published online:
    31 July 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
    • Element
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  • The Open Science [OS] movement aims to foster the wide dissemination, scrutiny and re-use of research components for the good of science and society. This Element examines the role played by OS principles and practices within contemporary research and how this relates to the epistemology of science. After reviewing some of the concerns that have prompted calls for more openness, it highlights how the interpretation of openness as the sharing of resources, so often encountered in OS initiatives and policies, may have the unwanted effect of constraining epistemic diversity and worsening epistemic injustice, resulting in unreliable and unethical scientific knowledge. By contrast, this Element proposes to frame openness as the effort to establish judicious connections among systems of practice, predicated on a process-oriented view of research as a tool for effective and responsible agency. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The History and Methodology of Expected Utility

The History and Methodology of Expected Utility
  • Ivan Moscati
  • Published online:
    29 July 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element offers an accessible but technically detailed review of expected utility theory (EU), which is a model of individual decision-making under uncertainty that is central for both economics and philosophy. The Element's approach falls between the history of ideas and economic methodology. At the historical level, it reviews EU by following its conceptual evolution from its original formulation in the eighteenth century through its transformations and extensions in the mid-twentieth century to its more recent supersession by post-EU theories such as prospect theory. In reconstructing the history of EU, it focuses on the methodological issues that have accompanied its evolution, such as whether the utility function and the other components of EU correspond to actual mental entities. On many of these issues, no consensus has yet been reached, and in this Element the author offers his view on them.
Making Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>

Making Boswell's Life of Johnson
  • An Author-Publisher and His Support Network
  • Richard B. Sher
  • Published online:
    28 July 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • This Element throws new light on James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson by investigating its early publication history. Despite precarious psychological and financial circumstances and other limitations, Boswell was both author and publisher of the two-volume quarto edition that appeared in 1791. This study utilizes little-known documents to explore the details and implications of Boswell's risky undertaking. It argues that the success of the first edition was the result not only of Boswell's biographical genius but also of collaboration with a devoted support network, including the bookseller Charles Dilly, the printer Henry Baldwin and his employees, several newspaper and magazine editors, Boswell's 'Gang' (Edmond Malone, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and John Courtenay) and other members of The Club, and Sir William Forbes. Although the muddled second edition (1793) suffered from Boswell's increasing dysfunction in the years before his death in 1795, the resilient Boswellian network subsequently secured the book's exalted reputation.
The Fabric of Historical Time

The Fabric of Historical Time
  • Zoltán Boldizsár Simon, Marek Tamm
  • Published online:
    28 July 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Historical time is a notoriously elusive notion. Yet, as societies attempt to make sense of rapidly changing worlds, it gains a new significance in the twenty-first century. This Element sketches a theory of historical time as based on a distinction between temporality and historicity. It approaches the fabric of historical time as varying relational arrangements and interactions of multiple temporalities and historicities. In the fabric, kinds of temporalities and historicities emerge, come to being, fade out, transform, cease to exist, merge, coexist, overlap, arrange and rearrange in constellations, and clash and conflict in a dynamic without a predetermined plot. The Element pays special attention to the more-than-human temporalities of the Anthropocene, the technology-fueled historicities of runaway changes, and the conflicts in the fabric of historical time at the intersections of technological, ecological, and social change.
Phonetics and Phonology in Multilingual Language Development

Phonetics and Phonology in Multilingual Language Development
  • Ulrike Gut, Romana Kopečková, Christina Nelson
  • Published online:
    26 July 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element focuses on phonetic and phonological development in multilinguals and presents a novel methodological approach to it within Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). We will show how the traditional conceptualisations of acquisition with a strong focus on linear, incremental development with a stable endpoint can be complemented by a view of language development as emergent, self-organised, context-dependent and highly variable across learners. We report on a longitudinal study involving 16 learners with L1 German, L2 English and L3 Polish. Over their ten months of learning Polish, the learners' perception and production of various speech sounds and phonological processes in all of their languages were investigated. Auditory and acoustic analyses were applied together with group and individual learner statistical analyses to trace the dynamic changes of their multilingual phonological system over time. We show how phonetic and phonological development is feature-dependent and inter-connected and how learning experience affects the process.

Page 81 of 139