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2525 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 88 of 127

The Cultural History of War in the Twentieth Century and After

The Cultural History of War in the Twentieth Century and After
  • Jay Winter
  • Published online:
    11 August 2022
    Print publication:
    25 August 2022
  • This Element is a user's guide to the cultural history of warfare since 1914. It provides summaries of the basic questions historians have posed in what is now a truly global field of research. It is divided into three parts. The first provides an introduction to the cultural history of the state, focusing on the institutions of violence, both political and military, as well as introducing the key concept of the civilianization of war. The second part addresses civil society at war. It asks the question as to how do men and women try to make sense and attach meaning to the violence and cruelty of war. It also explores commemoration, religious life, humanitarianism, painting, cinema and the visual arts, and war literature and testimony. The third part explores the family, gender and migration in wartime, and shows how modern war continues to transform the world in which we live today.
Contentious Politics in Emergency Critical Junctures

Contentious Politics in Emergency Critical Junctures
  • Progressive Social Movements during the Pandemic
  • Donatella della Porta
  • Published online:
    10 August 2022
    Print publication:
    15 September 2022
  • Social movements have often played an important role in emergencies, mobilising in defence of those rights that they perceive as being at risk or more urgently needed than ever. In general, progressive social movements develop in moments of intense change, mobilising with the aim of turning them to their advantage. the variable mix of challenges and opportunities related to a critical juncture. The specific balance of challenges and opportunities faced by progressive social movements during the Covid-19 crisis is a central question addressed in this volume. Based on existing research on the first phases of the pandemic Covid-19, this Element addresses the ways in with the health emergency had an impact on the repertoire of action, the organizational networks and the collective framing of progressive social movements that adapted to the pandemic conditions and the related crises, but also tried to transform them.
Scientific Representation

Scientific Representation
  • James Nguyen, Roman Frigg
  • Published online:
    10 August 2022
    Print publication:
    01 September 2022
    • Element
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  • This Element presents a philosophical exploration of the notion of scientific representation. It does so by focussing on an important class of scientific representations, namely scientific models. Models are important in the scientific process because scientists can study a model to discover features of reality. But what does it mean for something to represent something else? This is the question discussed in this Element. The authors begin by disentangling different aspects of the problem of representation and then discuss the dominant accounts in the philosophical literature: the resemblance view and inferentialism. They find them both wanting and submit that their own preferred option, the so-called DEKI account, not only eschews the problems that beset these conceptions, but further provides a comprehensive answer to the question of how scientific representation works. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Archaeology and the Genetic Revolution in European Prehistory

Archaeology and the Genetic Revolution in European Prehistory
  • Kristian Kristiansen
  • Published online:
    08 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element was written to meet the theoretical and methodological challenge raised by the third science revolution and its implications for how to study and interpret European prehistory. The first section is therefore devoted to a historical and theoretical discussion of how to practice interdisciplinarity in this new age, and following from that, how to define some crucial, but undertheorized categories, such as culture, ethnicity and various forms of migration. The author thus integrates the new results from archaeogenetics into an archaeological frame of reference, to produce a new and theoretically informed historical narrative, one that also invites debate, but also one that identifies areas of uncertainty, where more research is needed.
The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age

The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age
  • Ian Milligan
  • Published online:
    05 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
    • Element
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  • Historians make research queries on Google, ProQuest, and the HathiTrust. They garner information from keyword searches, carried out across millions of documents, their research shaped by algorithms they rarely understand. Historians often then visit archives in whirlwind trips marked by thousands of digital photographs, subsequently explored on computer monitors from the comfort of their offices. They may then take to social media or other digital platforms, their work shaped through these new forms of pre- and post-publication review. Almost all aspects of the historian's research workflow have been transformed by digital technology. In other words, all historians – not just Digital Historians – are implicated in this shift. The Transformation of Historical Research in the Digital Age equips historians to be self-conscious practitioners by making these shifts explicit and exploring their long-term impact. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The New Enlightenment

The New Enlightenment
  • Reshaping Capitalism and the Global Order in the 21st Century
  • Edited by Arie Y. Lewin, Greg Linden, David J. Teece
  • Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    25 August 2022
  • The Reinventing Capitalism series seeks to feature explorations about the crisis of legitimacy facing capitalism today, including the increasing income and wealth gap, the decline of the middle class, threats to employment due to globalization and digitalization, undermined trust in institutions, discrimination against minorities, global poverty and pollution. The series is intended to be a collection of authoritative literature reviews of foundational topics on renewing capitalism. Being grounded in a business and management perspective, the series incorporates insights from multiple disciplines that promise to substantiate the causes of the current crisis and potential solutions what needs to be done. This Element provides an overview of the series, explains the background of its development and contains eight sections that deal with various facets of the subject from the perspectives of a group of top-notch authors.
Simulating Antiquity in Boys' Adventure Fiction

Simulating Antiquity in Boys' Adventure Fiction
  • Maps and Ink Stains
  • Thomas Vranken
  • Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    25 August 2022
  • A genre that glorifies brutish masculinity and late Victorian imperialism, boys' 'lost world' adventure fiction has traditionally been studied for its politically problematic content. While attuned to these concerns, this Element approaches the genre from a different angle, viewing adventure fiction as not just a catalogue of texts but a corpus of books. Examining early editions of Treasure Island, King Solomon's Mines, and The Lost World, the Element argues that fin-de-siècle adventure fiction sought to resist the nineteenth-century industrialisation of book production from within. As the Element points out, the genre is filled with nostalgic simulations of material anachronisms – 'facsimiles' of fictional pre-modern paper, printing, and handwriting that re-humanise the otherwise alienating landscape of the modern book and modern literary production. The Element ends by exploring a subversive revival of lost world adventure fiction that emerged in response to ebooks at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Early Christian Women

Early Christian Women
  • Dawn LaValle Norman
  • Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • In this Element the author argues that genre deeply affects how early Christian female philosophers are characterized across different works. The included case studies are three women who feature in both narrative and dialogic texts: Thecla, Macrina the Younger and Monica. Based on these examples, the author demonstrates that the narrative sources tend to eschew secular education, while the dialogic sources are open to displays of secular knowledge. Philosophy was not only seen as a way of life, but sometimes also as a mode of educated argumentation. The author further argues that these female philosophers were held up in their femininity as models for imitation by both women and men.
A History of Political Science

A History of Political Science
  • Mark Bevir
  • Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • This Element denaturalises political science, stressing the contestability and contingency of ideas, traditions, subfields, and even the discipline itself. The history of political science is less one of scholars testing and improving theories by reference to data than of their appropriating and transforming ideas, often obscuring or obliterating former meanings, to serve new purposes in shifting political contexts. Political science arose in the late nineteenth century as part of a wider modernism that replaced earlier developmental narratives with more formal explanations. It changed as some scholars yoked together behavioural topics, quantitative techniques, and positivist theory, and as other scholars rejected their doing so. Subfields such as International Relations remained semi-detached and focused on policy as much as theory. Furthermore, the shifting fashions within political science – modernism, behaviouralism, realism, neoliberalism, the new institutionalism – have informed the policies by which governments have tried to tame contingency and govern people.
The Theory and Philosophy of History

The Theory and Philosophy of History
  • Global Variations
  • João Ohara
  • Published online:
    04 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element argues for a broad and inclusive understanding of the 'theory and philosophy of history', a goal that has proven elusive. Different intellectual traditions have competing, often incompatible definitions of what could or should count as proper 'theory/philosophy of history'. By expanding on the traditional versions of the 'history of the theory and philosophy of history' and including contexts from the Global South, particularly Latin America, the author hopes to offer a broader, more inclusive perspective on the theoretical reflections about history.
Translation and Genre

Translation and Genre
  • B. J. Woodstein
  • Published online:
    03 August 2022
    Print publication:
    25 August 2022
  • What is a genre? How do genres differ between cultures and languages? How do generic texts get translated, and how does the specific genre affect the act of translation? This Element surveys the concept of genre itself, a number of different genres, and what happens to these genres through translation, while also providing an overview of research into these topics along with research-based approaches for translating work that can perhaps be labelled as generic.
The Circuit of Detachment in Chile

The Circuit of Detachment in Chile
  • Understanding the Fate of a Neoliberal Laboratory
  • Kathya Araujo
  • Published online:
    02 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element discusses the consequences on the social bond of the conjoint action of the economic and social model inspired by the premises of neoliberalism and of the powerful pressures for the democratization of social relations in Chilean society. It is based upon empirical research developed in the past fifteen years. The main argument in this Element is that these processes have had as one of its most important effects the generation of a circuit of detachment, that is, a process that leads to different forms of disidentification and distancing from logics and principles that govern social relations and interaction. It is a dynamic circuit consisting of four components: excess, disenchantment, irritation, and, finally, detachment. The Element analyzes this circuit and each of its components as well as its consequences for the social bond. It also includes a brief reflection on the impact of this circuit over the political bond.
Grazyna Bacewicz, The 'First Lady of Polish Music'

Grazyna Bacewicz, The 'First Lady of Polish Music'
  • Diana Ambache
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element explores the life and work of Grażyna Bacewicz (1909-1969), as a composer, violinist, pianist and author. She lived a remarkable life in Poland, navigating the complex world of Polish communist society and Soviet dominance after the Second World War, and brought Polish music to wider European attention. The Element describes the historical context of her life, her major achievements, and the language and development of her compositions, which attracted notable interest in Polish musical life. She wrote a wide range of pieces, making a significant contribution to the string repertoire, with important String Quartets and violin works. In her sixty years she achieved impressive triumphs as a women composer, served the Polish Composers Union and often judged major international competitions.
Persistence

Persistence
  • Kristie Miller
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Persistence realism is the view that ordinary sentences that we think and utter about persisting objects are often true. Persistence realism involves both a semantic claim, about what it would take for those sentences to be true, and an ontological claim about the way things are. According to persistence realism, given what it would take for persistence sentences to be true, and given the ontology of our world, often such sentences are true. According to persistence error-theory, they are not. This Element considers several different views about the conditions under which those sentences are true. It argues for a view on which it is relatively easy to vindicate persistence realism, because all it takes is for the world to be the way it seems to us. Thereby it argues for the view that relations of numerical identity, or of being-part-of-the-same-object, are neither necessary nor sufficient for persistence realism.
The Distributive Politics of Environmental Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean

The Distributive Politics of Environmental Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Isabella Alcañiz, Ricardo A. Gutiérrez
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • The study of environmental politics in Latin America and the Caribbean expands as conflicts stemming from the deterioration of the natural world increase. Yet this scholarship has not generated a broad research agenda similar to the ones that emerged around other key political phenomena. This Element seeks to address the lack of a comprehensive research agenda in Latin American and Caribbean environmental politics and helps integrate the existing, disparate literatures. Drawing from distributive politics, this Element asks who benefits from the appropriation and pollution of the environment, who pays the costs of climate change and environmental degradation, and who gains from the allocation of state protections.
The Hidden Tier of Social Services

The Hidden Tier of Social Services
  • Frontline Workers' Provision of Informal Resources in the Public, Nonprofit, and Private Sectors
  • Einat Lavee
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • What do frontline social service providers do during client interactions when they lack adequate formal organizational resources to respond to clients' needs? To answer this question, this Element presents two large-scale qualitative studies of Israeli frontline providers of social services. Drawing on interviews of public-sector workers (Study 1, N=214), it introduces a widespread phenomenon, where the vast majority of frontline workers regularly provide a large range of informal personal resources (IFRs) to clients. Study 2 (N=84) then compares IFR provision between workers from the public, nonprofit and private sectors. The comparative analysis demonstrates how workers' rationale for providing personal resources to clients is shaped by particular role perceptions embedded in values, norms and behavioral expectations that vary by employment sector. The Element concludes by presenting ramifications of the phenomenon of IFR provision in terms of citizens' wellbeing, social inequality, gender relations and the future of work in public administration.
The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Mark Esposito, Amit Kapoor
  • Published online:
    28 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is reshaping the globe at a rate far quicker than earlier revolutions. It is also having a greater influence on society and industry. We are currently witnessing extraordinary technology such as self-driving cars and 3D printing, as well as robots that can follow exact instructions. And hitherto unconnected sectors are combining to achieve unfathomable effects. It is critical to comprehend this new era of technology since it will significantly alter life during the next several years in this age of technological advancement. In particular, one of the most significant findings is that 4IR technologies must be used responsibly and to benefit people, companies and countries as a whole; as a result, the development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and robotics systems will be advanced most effectively by grouping a multidisciplinary team from areas such as computer science, education and social sciences.
Hong Kong

Hong Kong
  • Global China's Restive Frontier
  • Ching Kwan Lee
  • Published online:
    27 July 2022
    Print publication:
    08 September 2022
    • Element
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  • How did Hong Kong transform itself from a 'shoppers' and capitalists' paradise' into a 'city of protests' at the frontline of a global anti-China backlash? CK Lee situates the post-1997 China–Hong Kong contestation in the broader context of 'global China.' Beijing deploys a bundle of power mechanisms – economic statecraft, patron-clientelism, and symbolic domination – around the world, including Hong Kong. This Chinese power project triggers a variety of countermovements from Asia to Africa, ranging from acquiescence and adaptation to appropriation and resistance. In Hong Kong, reactions against the totality of Chinese power have taken the form of eventful protests, which, over two decades, have broadened into a momentous decolonization struggle. More than an ideological conflict between a liberal capitalist democratizing city and its Communist authoritarian sovereign, the Hong Kong story, stunning and singular in its many peculiarities, offers lessons about China as a global force. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Autobiographical Memory and Narrative in Childhood

Autobiographical Memory and Narrative in Childhood
  • Robyn Fivush
  • Published online:
    26 July 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element delineates how the narrative expression of autobiographical memory develops through everyday interactions that frame the forms and functions of autobiographical remembering. Narratives are both outward and inward facing, providing the interface between how we perceive the world and how we perceive ourselves. Thus narratives are the pivot point where self and culture meet. To make this argument, the author brings together literature from multiple perspectives, including cognitive, personality, evolutionary, cultural, and developmental psychology. To fully understand autobiographical memory, it must be understood how it functions in the context of lives lived in complex sociocultural contexts.
Paraconsistency in Mathematics

Paraconsistency in Mathematics
  • Zach Weber
  • Published online:
    25 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Paraconsistent logic makes it possible to study inconsistent theories in a coherent way. From its modern start in the mid-20th century, paraconsistency was intended for use in mathematics, providing a rigorous framework for describing abstract objects and structures where some contradictions are allowed, without collapse into incoherence. Over the past decades, this initiative has evolved into an area of non-classical mathematics known as inconsistent or paraconsistent mathematics. This Element provides a selective introductory survey of this research program, distinguishing between `moderate' and `radical' approaches. The emphasis is on philosophical issues and future challenges.

Page 88 of 127