Chomsky (1959a) presented an algorithm for constructing a finite transducer that is strongly equivalent to a Chomsky-normal-form context-free grammar for all sentences generated by that grammar with up to any specified finite degree of center embedding. This article presents a new solution using a variety of COORDINATE GRAMMAR to assign nonembedding (paratactic) structures strongly equivalent to those assigned by an embedding grammar, which can in turn be directly computed by a finite transducer. It proposes that the bound on center embedding is really a consequence of a bound on alternation between right and left embedding, called here ZIGZAG EMBEDDING. Coordinate grammars can also be used to assign nonembedding structures equivalent to those with up to any specified finite degree of coordinate embedding (the occurrence of a coordinate structure as a member of a coordinate structure of the same type). It concludes that coordinate grammars or the finite transducers strongly equivalent to them are psychologically real, and that the existence of a finite bound on the degree of zigzag and coordinate embedding is a consequence of the increasing size and complexity of such grammars or transducers as the bound increases.

The Nerja Cave is a key archaeological site in the Southern Iberian Peninsula. It was inhabited by humans from the Upper Palaeolithic until recent Prehistory (30 and 3.7 ka cal BP). Various excavation campaigns performed in its external chambers (Vestíbulo, Mina and Torca) have recovered evidence of its use as habitat and burial site. Multiple studies on these matters have been published, but, until now, no Bayesian chronological modeling that utilized radiocarbon dates of the three chambers has been performed. To do so, all the available radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic and archaeological data have been compiled. These comprehend ample and diverse information about which, firstly, individual phase models based on the stratigraphic sequence of each one of the chambers have been created. After critically evaluating the results for each of the chambers, a general phase model for the prehistoric occupation of the external chambers has been created considering the cultural adscription of the samples. This has enabled the identification of 11 phases which correspond to the different technocomplexes of the Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian, Epipalaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic. Still pending are the refinement and improvement of the model for the Neolithic horizon among other phases of the sequence. The individual and the general models have evidenced important differences between the different archaeological phases in radiocarbon information as well as in the occupation of the three chambers.

We examine universals and crosslinguistic variation in constraints on event segmentation. Previous typological studies have focused on segmentation into syntactic (Pawley 1987) or intonational units (Givón 1991). We argue that the correlation between such units and semantic/conceptual event representations is language-specific. As an alternative, we introduce the MACRO-EVENT PROPERTY (MEP): a construction has the MEP if it packages event representations such that temporal operators necessarily have scope over all subevents. A case study on the segmentation of motion events into macro-event expressions in eighteen genetically and typologically diverse languages has produced evidence of two types of design principles that impact motion-event segmentation: language-specific lexicalization patterns and universal constraints on form-to-meaning mapping.