Nineteenth-century British periodicals regarded the press as a phenomenon of the age. Contemporaries considered it ubiquitous, competing everywhere with pulpits and governments to become the voice of the people. Given the approximately 100,000 publications in the United Kingdom and the volume of publications outside, this conclusion was logical. Commentary on press activity matched its productivity. Those penning for serials did not confine their remarks to domestic developments, frequently measuring ones in other areas, albeit with a British yardstick. Although onlookers saw the press from numerous vantage points, everyone cast it as a major player in the culture of a society. Spotlighting the press gave it status, deserved or undeserved. This bibliography shows how writers in the press shaped the discourse on the press by offering a substantial sample of opinion on common concerns, specific journals, and individuals.

What was this press that fascinated so many? Essayists then and this book now categorize “the press” as anything published regularly: annuals, quarterlies, monthlies, fortnightlies, weeklies, and dailies. Catalogers increasingly reserved the term journalism for the newspaper. From the 1820s through the 1890s, the decades mainly covered here, observers recorded at length how and why the press changed dramatically. Nationally, they watched as elite reviews and great London newspapers waxed and waned, legions of specialized monthlies and weeklies opened and closed, penny and then halfpenny gazettes in the country and in the city challenged and sometimes vanquished older ones, and annuals died ingloriously.

Indonesia has had a good performance on the economic and poverty fronts in recent years. Its economy has also managed the eff ects of the recent global economic crisis well, and has grown at relatively high rates compared with other major economies in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, the country's development challenges remain daunting. Indonesia lags far behind Malaysia and Thailand in terms of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and will need about two decades to double it if the economy maintains the average annual GDP growth rate recorded in the 2000s. The pace of poverty reduction needs to be accelerated for Indonesia to deliver on the targets set in the country's development plans. Deteriorating trends in the use of natural resources and the environment need to be checked and reversed. Studies indicate that over 5 million hectares of forest was lost during 2000–2005 and that over two-thirds of the country's coral reefs had lost at least half of their living corals by 2005.

This book presents findings of a country diagnostic study on Indonesia, a collaborative eff ort among the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Government of Indonesia, the International Labour Organization, and the Islamic Development Bank. The study embodied a new paradigm on development planning, centered on the premise that the economic and political environments differ a great deal among countries, and there is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to development problems; thus, identifying the binding constraints to development and sequencing policy priorities contingent on country-specific circumstances are critical for igniting and sustaining growth and accelerating the pace of poverty reduction.

Bridging the gap between the sacred and the earthly, Good Words was edited for decades by Norman and then Donald Macleod. With a connection to the Contemporary Review, it went from stories on Jewish serials in Paris to Indian ones in Bengal, from printing technology to war artists.

1. “Protestantism in France.” 1 (1860): 27–29, 41–42.

Plumbed French Protestant periodicals, of which there were 17, with 11 in Paris. Most were “practical and edifying,” “one or two” for youths. Some were “intellectual,” as the Archives du Christianisme, established in 1818 and edited in 1860 by Frederick Monod. The Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie Chrétienne and the Revue Chrétienne were similar in style to the Quarterly Review. Among others were the Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français and Journal des Missions.

2.? L[udlow], J. M. “Aspects of Indian Life During the Rebellion.” 1 (1860): 250–53.

Review of William Howard Russell's My Diary in India heralded that he went to India on terms “unparalleled in newspaper annals” paid by a Times famed for its “smartness and…scene-painting, which must have spoilt as many a pen as they have trained.”

3.? M[artin], B. “The Newspaper.” 3 (1862): 117–20.

Announced that the “newspaper is the grand climax of our age,” more important than steam and electricity because everyone read and “appreciated” columns that imparted knowledge of others, broke the daily monotony by their variety, and “think for us” on every subject.

Leaning conservative at first and at last and providing a plethora of material on the press, Fraser's was the child but not the namesake of publisher James. The magazine's unique and usually illustrated mini-biographies called attention to its well-known and unknown personnel.

1. [Maginn, William]. “Our ‘Confession of Faith.’” 1 (1830): 1–7.

Editor assumed that magazines gained initial buyers from a prospectus, however inelegant.

2. [Maginn, William and? J. A. Heraud]. “Fashionable Novels.” 1 (1830): 318–35.

Denounced Henry Colburn, owner of the Court Journal, New Monthly Magazine, Naval and Military Magazine, and Sunday Times and co-owner of the Literary Gazette, for using them to push books he published, books that critics in other serials graded “trash.”

3. [Maginn, William]. “The Election of Editor for Fraser's Magazine.” 1 (1830): 496–508, 738–57; 2 (1830–31): 238–50.

Mentioned numerous past and present periodical editors.

4. Pungent, Pierce [Thomas Powell]. “Literary Characters. No. II: The Bard of Hope.” 1 (1830): 563–71.

Biography of Thomas Campbell, editor of the New Monthly Magazine, classed it as “one of the most influential of the third-rate organs of public opinion.” It was superficial, full of puffery and criticism without “manliness of language.” Praise of his administration by the Edinburgh Review probably spoiled Campbell.

5. [Maginn, William]. “The Edinburgh Review: Mr. Thomas Babington Macaulay and Mr. Southey.” 1 (1830): 584–600.

Sneered that the Edinburgh was “driveling into dotage” when Macaulay began writing for it.

Rosa Luxemburg has been traditionally considered as a utopian visionary, whose understanding of socialism was guided by a kind of mixture of romanticism, anarchism and idealism. In the mainstream tradition of Marxism, in most of the established communist parties even today she is looked upon with a feeling of deep suspicion at least for three reasons: first, because of the distorted presentation of the Lenin-Rosa Luxemburg debate on the party Luxemburg is considered an opponent of Lenin and an enemy of the very idea of organization; second, with Stalin's coinage of the expression “Luxemburgism” in the 1930s Rosa Luxemburg was linked up with Menshevism and Trotsky and virtually hounded out of the Comintern-controlled international communism; third, her critique of some of the key issues concerning the Russian Revolution, as found in her The Russian Revolution (1918) was considered as a dangerous threat to the established Stalinist model of socialism that had been built up in the Soviet Union.

My submission is that it is precisely in this so-called irrelevant, utopian and “Menshevik/Trotskyist” outlook of Rosa Luxemburg that one can discover the clues to a vision of socialism which inaugurated the heritage of an alternative understanding of Marxism with a revolutionary humanist face, as distinct from liberalism, social democratic revisionism as well as Stalinist authoritarianism. It is through the lens of Rosa Luxemburg that it is possible to understand what went wrong with Soviet socialism and how we can reposition our understanding of socialism in the twenty-first century.

James Hogg replaced his Hogg's Instructor with Titan, which pictured Parisian journalism in detail.

1. “Paris Journals and Journalists.” 2 (1857): 1–14.

Prefaced a study of Paris journalism that “[t]here is no one thing which more distinctly represents and expresses the character of a nation, than does the character of its newspaper press.” The French press was national, not international in contrast to the Belgian, which included newspapers of Russian, German, and French refugees and of “fallen dynasties.” A good source to learn about French journalists, who did not deserve freedom because of their licentiousness, was Edmond Texier's 1851 Biographie des Journalistes.

During the French Revolution many new gazettes sprouted, but the Moniteur and Journal des Débats survived. The last was so “preeminent,” with so many famous contributors, that it required no comment (though a footnote detailed Bertin family control.) Because the Moniteur supported the empire, it had little nonofficial news. It did have outstanding critics, Théophile Gautier on theatre and Charles Sainte-Beuve on literature. The owner of the Patrie was a French Deputy, and one of its writers, Amédée de Cesena, also penned for the Représentant du Peuple. The Siècle was the fi rst paper to circulate widely among the petit bourgeoisie. Although it was “dull,” it was “honest and respectable.” Among its staff was Louis Jourdan, who previously ran a French paper in Athens. Emile de Girardin modifi ed the feuilleton for his Presse.

Devised for middle-class Dissenters, the British Quarterly prioritized French journalism but ran occasional and equally serious pieces on English gazettes.

1. [Vaughan, Robert]. “The Priesthood of Letters.” 3 (1846): 283–319.

Articulated that the best British literature of Queen Anne's day was in periodicals. “Periodical literature, as distinguished from mere periodical news, owes its origin to this country.” By the end of the eighteenth century, 200 periodicals had come, and many had gone in England and Scotland but had influenced the upper and middle classes. The Edinburgh Review, with its talented writers, rejuvenated literary criticism but soon faced the Quarterly Review in a political war. Cheaper serials, aiming to educate but “light, elegant, and amusing in their style,” attracted readers of all classes. Although some periodicals still showed “inanity and bad taste,” the demand for quality was growing. Newspapers, better since Roger L'Estrange's Observator and Daniel Defoe's Review, were by 1846 “models of condensation, clearness, accuracy, and power” and used their power for “salutary and humane” purposes, not to corrupt.

2. [Kirwan, A. V.]. “Journalism in France.” 3 (1846): 468–524.

Tracked French journalism from the seventeenth-century Mercure Français, when “Gazetier signified the Editor of a periodical paper, as well as the Publisher.” The eighteenth-century English Monitor (1759) reputedly inspired the “moral and political articles” of the Moniteur (1760), later the official mouthpiece. Nouvelles à la Main (c. 1750) was an early scandal sheet, but the press of the French Revolution was worse.

Alexander Macmillan's monthly examined journalism frequently. Anonymity and technology, the London correspondent and the war correspondent, the penny press and its elite siblings all cropped up in Macmillan's.

1. Y., A. [Alexander Macmillan]. “The Quarterly Review on Mr. Tennyson's Maud.” 1 (1859–60): 114–15.

Reacted to a Quarterly review (10/59) by saying that it was not in “the smart and slashing style” that critics often employed to display their own cleverness and hide their lack of insight.

2. Cairns, Rev. John, D.D. “The Late Dr. George Wilson, of Edinburgh.” 1 (1859–60): 199–203.

Obituary of Wilson resurrected his work in a “manuscript weekly newspaper” while at the High School of Edinburgh and his later essays in the British Quarterly Review.

3. Maurice, Rev. F[rederick] D[ension]. “Lord Macaulay.” 1 (1859–60): 241–47.

Rumored that T. B. Macaulay expected anonymity to die in magazines but not newspapers. The Edinburgh Review had “established the <I>WE ascendancy,” but its talented writers, with a new and dashing style of writing, still won renown.

4. Hughes, Thomas. “Italy Resurgent and Britain Looking On.” 1 (1859–60): 494–95.

Envisioned The Times as “a mirror – and a wonderfully sensitive and accurate mirror – of the England of to-day.”

5. Masson, David. “Thomas Hood.” 2 (1860): 315–24.

Recapitulated Hood's journalistic career from the Comic Annual in 1829. After “casual contributions to other periodicals” he scribbled for, then edited the New Monthly Magazine (1841) before launching Hood's Magazine in 1844.

Catering to Anglo-Irish subscribers, the Dublin University and its heir, the University Magazine, 1878–80, disseminated plenty of sentences on the press at home and elsewhere. Two of its favorite topics were newspapers and literary periodicals.

1. [O'Sullivan, Samuel]. “The Present Crisis.” 1 (1833): 1–14.

Thought that “a little spice of inconsistency” did not hurt a journal and that Robert Southey's essays enhanced the Quarterly Review, a “noble periodical.”

2. [Stanford, Charles Stuart]. “New Year's Day; or, Our First Number.” 1 (1833): 87–90.

Editor hoped that the Dublin University, by instructing and amusing, would win an audience in spite of “a prejudice against Irish periodicals.” The English and Scottish attracted “talented contributors,” but Dublin had “the stigma of never having supported a good general Magazine.” Because “[v]ariety was the very essence” of a magazine, he recruited local talent from many fields.

3. N., Y. “England in 1819 and Ireland in 1833.” 1 (1833): 436–50.

Linked the “licentious and infidel” English cheap papers in 1819 and the “penny vehicles of sedition and irreligion” in 1833 Ireland.

4. R[owley], H[arry]. “Familiar Epistles from London.” 1 (1833): 575–82; 2 (1833): 155–65, 339–48.

Rambling article stereotyped journalist Harriet Martineau as “that odious man-woman”; some newspapers as subversive of workers' “reverence” for religion, and the rich, in their country houses, as eager readers of morning dailies.

5. [Stanford, Charles Stuart]. “At the Close of the Year.” 2 (1833): 1–8.

Editor thanked the printer of and the women “critics and contributors” of the Dublin University for their work.

Introduction

The government has navigated the economy through two major economic crises since 1997. In the 1997 Asian financial crisis (AFC), Indonesia was the most severely affected economy in the Asian region, and its economic growth dipped by 13.4% in 1998 (Figure 5.1a). In contrast, Indonesia was among the countries least affected by the recent global financial crisis (GFC), when its economic growth declined only to 4.5% in 2009. The country used the lessons it learned from the AFC to introduce significant economic reforms afterward. This improved Indonesia's macroeconomic management, contributing to the country's resilience during the recent GFC. Indonesia's better performance was attributable to the government's appropriate and swift policy responses, limited exposure to the source of the crisis, and less reliance on exports. Further reforms have also been implemented to reduce vulnerabilities identified during the recent GFC.

However, significant challenges remain. Post-crisis economic management restored economic growth to an average of 5.1% during 2000–2009, but growth remains far below the pre-crisis level of 7%–8%. While poverty and unemployment have declined, they remain relatively high. On average, inflation has declined, but it is still higher and more volatile than in other countries in the region. At the same time, increasing short-term capital inflows complicate the conduct of monetary policies. In this context, the government has set higher targets.

From 1939 to 1953 Kaganovich's influence in policy making declined dramatically, although for periods he remained a member of Stalin's leading group. These momentous years of war and postwar reconstruction, therefore, will be more cursorily examined than the preceding hectic decade. The Stalinist developmental programme became transformed with the priority of rearmament, the management of the war and the tasks of postwar reconstruction. The Stalinist regime was shaped by these changing priorities. Kaganovich's career in this period sheds light on these shifting priorities. It also illustrates his role under Stalin's personalized rule. It illustrates the survival strategies adopted by the leader's deputies, the impact that the stress of operating under these conditions of intense personal insecurity had on individuals and the way it influenced intergroup dynamics with the shift from dictatorial to despotic rule. The Terror transformed the lieutenants' relations with the vozhd' and their relations with one another. Terror became a central instrument of rule, but after1939 was more carefully managed so as not to endanger the regime and to foster a sense of dependency on the leader who alone could offer protection.

In the Shadow of War, 1939–1941

Kaganovich weathered the Terror and retained his post as head of NKTyazhprom and NKPS. On 16 June 1938 Kaganovich was appointed deputy chair of Sovnarkom in place of Vlas Chubar', who had been arrested and thereafter executed. This placed him among the top four leading figures.

Superseding Household Words, All the Year Round kept the layout of its predecessor. Commanded by Charles Dickens, father and son, its principal interest was the newspaper, from London parish to Australian settlement.

1. [Collins, Wilkie]. “Sure To Be Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise.” 1 (1859): 5–10; response, 251.

Satirized newspaper advertising with unbelievable promises. Denounced moneymaking schemes “especially in the cheap newspapers, which have plenty of poor readers hungry for any little addition to their scanty incomes.” Letter confirmed fraudulent advertising.

2. [Hollingshead, John]. “Right Through the Post.” 1 (1859): 190–92.

Watched newspaper transmittal: “Local papers going to London to set an example to the metropolitan press; London papers sucked dry by provincial politicians, and sent across the country to some fourth or fifth day readers.”

3. “All the Year Round at the Post-Office.” 1 (1859): 442.

Announced that the law (18th Victoria, cap. 2) required the date and title of a periodical on each page for post office registration, thence transmission to other countries and the empire.

4. [Hollingshead, John]. “Great Eastern Postscript.” 1 (1859): 546–52.

Defined ‘our own correspondent’ as “a profession…which hangs upon the skirts of literature without being literature.” Pay paralleled risks for “men who live only in action, who feed only upon excitement.” Correspondents covering the Great Eastern explosion were “running historians for running readers.”

A part of the formula of the Bond film franchise is that the hero has always made his way in the world by romancing beautiful women and defeating corrupt villains. Yet Bond's nominal heterosexual identity must always function in relation to the villain's ‘perversity’. Bond depends, that is, upon the villain's sexuality as a sort of negative definition of his own. Indeed, Bond's subjectivity is tainted both by his intimacy with the villain and his frequent cruelty to the ‘Bond girl’. This essay will examine the role of sex and sexuality during the years that Sean Connery starred as Bond (1962–1971) in order to track the complicated formula by which Bond is implicated in homosexual and sado-masochistic scenarios that arguably reach their most complex form in Diamonds Are Forever (1971). Connery's last film with EON Productions, Diamonds, is unique in the Bond oeuvre by having as its villains, a gay male couple. The film is the first in the Bond franchise to deal directly with the threat to Bond's sexuality brought about by the Stonewall riots and the rise of a burgeoning gay-rights movement. While earlier Bond films frequently dealt with the threat of women's rights – most often in the form of a lesbian character (From Russia with Love, 1963, for example) – Diamonds Are Forever introduced the notion of gay male desire as a new reality for Bond and his future dealings.

Rooted in Methodism, the London Quarterly alternated between moral and analytic perspectives in its texts on the press.

1. “Joseph Addison.” 4 (1855): 99–122.

Review of Johnson's Lives of the English Poets, edited by Peter Cunningham, classed the Tatler as a popular penny paper with “a regard for decency.” It had a “worldly good nature” and “sparkling fluency” but not “correctness of style.” Addison “charms” readers, and Samuel Johnson awed them. Addison “threw all his energy and talent” into the Spectator. His “aim was alike to improve, not only morals, but language.” However, William Cobbett set the standard for English in newspapers.

2. [McNicoll, Thomas]. “Popular Criticism.” 4 (1855): 179–203.

Selected George Gilfillan as the exemplar of the faults of periodical literary criticism, writing as he did for “four or five of the popular serials.”

3. [Rule, William Harris]. “Jesuitism: Its Political Relations.” 5 (1855–56): 363–403.

Cited the Civiltà Cattolica as the Jesuits' tool to build their power in Naples.

4. [McNicoll, Thomas]. “Popular Authorship – Samuel Warren.” 5 (1855–56): 464–80.

Saw no need for periodical compilations while quality essays appeared regularly. Those in Blackwood's Magazine and its ilk were classics.

5. [McNicoll, Thomas]. “Memoirs of James Montgomery.” 6 (1856): 178–204.

Review of a book by John Holland and James Everett narrated that at age 21 Montgomery answered an advertisement for a printer.