A lot has been said on the schism that exists between live theatre and film/television performance: that the natural affinity of film is with the narrative art of the novel/epic rather than drama/theatre. The film reaches the audience only after active tampering of mise en scène by the omniscient director through the eyes of the cinematographer and severely ‘mutilated’ by the editor. The audience-actor interaction and its dynamic life is lost, and so is the immediacy of the stage. On the other hand; theatrical performance would consist of the explosively there, the presence before one's eyes. The ‘vibe’ as it is called colloquially works wonders if the audience-actor communication gets ignited And again, there is no predictability about a play in performance: if an actor happens to sneeze, she/he would radically alter the entire play.

Critics like Bernard F. Dukore have shown that there are advantages to the situation wherein drama/film provide helpful alternatives, and says that the affinities are seen to far outweigh the differences, and that all the major living playwrights have written for the medium, not having remained exclusively attached to theatre (Dukore: 171- 79). Adaptations, and televised versions of major dramatic works are a genre on their own. Pinter, Beckett, Albee, Stoppard, Karnad, Tendulkar have all written for both media.

Film screenplays (Dukore cites Pinter's The Proust Screenplay) can also be read like drama scripts, once one is accustomed to the jargon. While language, or ‘wordiness’ is often cited as a theatrical medium – non-verbal images as its counterpart in film – we may easily substitute the one for the other (the dialogue in film; the stage movements, props and so on in theatre).

Foresters contend that scientific forestry meant sustainable management of forests. All forests were managed according to the working plans which prescribed only ‘maximum sustainable yield’.

Nuclear Medicine is concerned with diagnostic and therapeutic uses of artificially produced radioisotopes. In recent years, radioisotope techniques have been used in medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic procedures. Among the many applications of radioisotopes, radioimmunoassay (RIA) has already been established as a versatile and unique procedure. The advantage of this technique is that it does not involve administration of radioisotopes to the patient and so the patient is not exposed to radiation. These assays are useful for the detection and measurement of vitally important biological ingredients such as hormones, vitamins, steroids, drugs etc., thereby enabling early diagnosis of various diseases and better management of treatment.

RIA involves the handling and use of very small quantities of radioisotopes, usually not exceeding 100 micro Curies (3.7 MBq) of iodine-125 and tritium (H). Radiation Protection Regulations promulgated under the Atomic Energy Authority Act of 1969 require authorisation of the user by the Atomic Energy Authority. This is issued to an organisation subject its user satisfying basic safety requirements and having adequate trained staff.

Nuclear medicine procedures are of two types:

• In vivo procedures, in which radioisotopes are administered to patients

• In vitro procedures, in which radioactivity is added to the samples collected from the patient.

In vivo tests are classified into two:

• Imaging procedures

• Non-imaging procedures

An imaging procedure, popularly known as scintigraphy, provides an image of the distribution of administered radioactivity in the organ or tissue of interest at any given time. A non-imaging procedure aims to measure gross radioactivity in the organ of interest at any particular time. Serial measurements provide a time-activity curve.

The crisis situation that built up in the early twentieth century should have been reversed after independence. But hardly anything was done. Uttarakhand became a part of the large state of Uttar Pradesh, which could hardly address the issues of development properly. During the colonial period, the hill region of the North-Western Provinces, and later United Provinces, was a non-regulatory province. Hence, there was at least recognition of the specific problem of the Himalayan region, but this category disappeared in the post-colonial period. And the region began to be known more and more as ‘backward’ and ‘marginal’. Rangan argues that these terms came to be applied to Uttarakhand only after independence.

Since the state could hardly do much for development, the Uttarakhand society lapsed steadily into ‘backwardness’. No efforts were made to improve agriculture–the main occupation of the people. Virtually, no infrastructure like improved irrigation facilities and an efficient transport network was created. Agriculture extension services taken up vigorously by many states, argues Pokhriyal, were not taken up seriously in Uttarakhand. In the hills, the support of the state was essential to reinvigorate agriculture. But it was largely missing. The indifference of the bureaucracy to address the issues of development played an important role in relegating the region into ‘backwardness’. The people from outside the hills mostly manned the top of the bureaucracy. Not used to a life in the hills, the officials regarded their postings in the hills a punishment.

For quite sometime, historians have debated the nature of control the pre-colonial state exercised over the forests.