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38637 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1044 of 1932

  • 17 - Cross-Cultural Research

  • from Part Four - Emerging Issues in Social and Behavioral Science Research
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book:
    Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    14 March 2019, pp 274-286

  • Summary

    The chapter begins with a description of the historical roots of comparative research, followed by a description of its spectacular in the last 50 years. The core methodological issues of the field are described: Does an instrument that is administered in different groups or countries constitute and adequate measure of the underlying construct in each application? If so, can we compare scores across groups and countries. A taxonomy of equivalence (similarity of meaning) and bias (presence of nuisance factors) to be considered in comparative studies is described. Special emphasis is given to test adaptations a tool to provide culture-informed measures. The gap between the advanced statistical procedures available to analyze comparative data and the much less advanced level of our theories of cross-cultural similarities and differences is mentioned as a key challenge for the future.

  • 5 - Using the Internet for Research

  • from Part One - Performing Good Research
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book:
    Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    14 March 2019, pp 68-82

  • Summary

    The Internet was created in the mid-20th century as a communication tool for American scientists. Since then, it has grown into a tool that much of the world’s population uses on a daily basis for a wide variety of reasons ranging from social interaction, commerce, and to obtain information. Given its ubiquity, the amount of scholarship on the use of the Internet for conducting research has grown along with it. To date, thousands of books and journal articles include research conducted on the Internet using myriad research methodologies and theoretical perspectives. This chapter reviews the literature on Internet research, exploring questions such as: What is Internet research? What topics do social scientists study on the Internet? What are the different approaches for conducting research on the Internet? Ethical considerations for Internet research, suggestions for best practices in using the Internet for research, and recommendations for future research conclude this chapter.

  • 18 - A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Statistics

  • from Part Five - New Statistical Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book:
    Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    14 March 2019, pp 289-308

  • Summary

    Bayesian methods are becoming more popular in the social sciences because they offer solutions to problems that arise with classical methods, e.g., convergence issues and the inability to interpret the results probabilistically. However, Bayesian statistics remain controversial because they require specifying prior distributions that reflect the researcher’s state of knowledge before observing the data. Critics of Bayesian statistics note that prior distributions allow researchers to sway the results in the desired direction. This chapter shows how to conduct a Bayesian mediation analysis using real data from a study of delays in PhD completion in the Netherlands. The authors illustrate the challenges in specifying prior distributions and how to examine the influence of a prior distribution in a sensitivity analysis. The chapter also contains detailed examples of how to report the results of a Bayesian mediation analysis and future directions for the field of applied statistics for social sciences.

  • 3 - Performing Research in the Laboratory

  • from Part One - Performing Good Research
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book:
    Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    14 March 2019, pp 38-52

  • Summary

    The current chapter attempts to cover the most important aspects of conducting research in the laboratory while allowing the reader to refer to other chapters in this volume to better understand the most prevalent and important limitations of the lab. We begin by describing what a lab is and by giving examples, from our own research and others, of the many different ways that a normal space can be used for laboratory research. We then explore the many advantages and disadvantages that often result from lab research, followed by the different types of research that are often conducted in the lab. Next, we move on the some of the many issues that one must consider when conducting lab research. We focus this section on issues related to both participants and potential research assistants, including recruitment, training, and minimizing biases. Following this, we present the different types and uses of deception while encouraging the reader to carefully examine each research question and study design before making any research decision. Finally, we discuss the generalizability of lab research to the real world and provide some considerations for increasing the likelihood that your research will generalize.

  • 16 - Interdisciplinary Research

  • from Part Four - Emerging Issues in Social and Behavioral Science Research
  • Edited by John E. Edlund, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, Austin Lee Nichols
  • Book:
    Advanced Research Methods for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
    Published online:
    22 February 2019
    Print publication:
    14 March 2019, pp 258-273

  • Summary

    Interdisciplinary research (IDR) focuses on particular problems or questions that are too comprehensive to be answered satisfactorily by any one discipline. Overall, across disciplines, the practice of IDR is rapidly accelerating because the combination of researchers from different disciplines allows complicated problems to be solved. There is an urgent need for IDR and specific interdisciplinary training to address pressing social, political, economic challenges society faces. Additionally, the necessity to prepare students for an increasingly interdisciplinary, collaborative, and global future also calls for interdisciplinary exposure in post-secondary education. In this article, we aim to provide an explanation of IDR, and to offer a guiding framework towards interdisciplinary research with measurable and positive impact.

Page 1044 of 1932