Implicit memory refers to a lack of conscious experience or awareness of previously learned information. Section 7.1 considers the brain regions that have been associated with implicit memory, which include the lateral prefrontal cortex and sensory processing regions. In Section 7.2, the frequency bands of activity associated with implicit memory are discussed, which include gamma activity and alpha activity. Section 7.3 details theoretical models of neural activity that underlie implicit memory effects and discusses the ways in which these models can be distinguished from one another. In Section 7.4, evidence is considered that has claimed to link the hippocampus to implicit memory. Section 7.5 focuses on skill learning by evaluating how brain activity changes over time, from the initial stage of learning that depends on long-term memory to a later stage of learning that depends on implicit memory.

What were the chief characteristics of the new social democratic system of government that developed in Britain between 1931 and 1976?

How, given that in 1885 those unable to support themselves were considered personal failures, were they seen as victims of the failures of markets and governments to ensure their welfare by 1931?

When night comes I stand on the steps and listen; the stars cluster in the garden and I stand, out in the darkness. Edith Södergran (1892–1923) “Stjärnorna [The Stars]” [1916] (tr. David Barrett)

How did those Britons who believed that free trade and the gold standard had effortlessly made Britain a world hegemon in 1885 lose the faith by 1931 when their Empire was the largest in the world?

This chapter considers the brain regions associated with long-term memory, a type of explicit memory. Long-term memory can be broken down into episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory refers to the detailed retrieval of a previous episode. Semantic memory refers to the retrieval of factual information. The first two sections of the chapter consider the brain regions associated with episodic memory and semantic memory. Section 3.3 considers long-term memory consolidation (i.e., the process of creating more permanent memory representations in the brain). In Section 3.4, the role of sleep in long-term memory consolidation is examined. Long-term memory consolidation requires the interaction between multiple brain regions in which activity oscillates at specific frequencies. Section 3.5 reviews the brain regions associated with memory encoding. In Section 3.6, the brain regions associated with event boundaries (e.g., transitions between scenes in a movie) are discussed, and it is argued that the reported effects reflect the processing of novel information.

How was the British imperial state transformed from an ancien régime in 1819 to a liberal one that depended upon a new science of government?

The revival of the heliocentric model by Copernicus in the sixteenth century led to speculation about planets orbiting other stars. In a heliocentric model, stars must show annual parallax as the Earth moves around the Sun.