Language is the mental faculty that many people consider most distinctly separates us from other species. Language has also long been studied by scientists. Symptoms like those experienced by Bill Rieger and Jim Hurdle first led Paul Broca in the late 1800s to realize that the hemispheres have different functions, an event that heralded the advent of modern-day neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. Broca noticed that a lesion to a specific region of the left hemisphere causes a loss of fluent speech even though the person’s speech comprehension is relatively spared. This syndrome, known as Broca’s aphasia, has provided a window to understanding the neurological organization for language.

Aphasia is the loss of a language processing ability after brain damage. In this chapter, we discuss a variety of aphasias, gleaning lessons about the neurological organization for language.

Macroeconomic data is important both for macroeconomic research and for the functioning of the economy itself. In this chapter, we discuss the principles and practices of macroeconomic data construction. Emphasis is on measures of output or income (e.g., GDP), price and inflation (e.g., CPI), employment and labor participation (e.g., unemployment rate), and money supply.

This chapter studies short-term economic fluctuations or business cycles. We first introduce the Keynesian Cross model which, in contrast to classical models, allows the equilibrium output to deviate from the potential level of output. Next, we introduce the celebrated IS-LM model, which is the leading interpretation of the Keynesian theory. We also modified the IS-LM model to study interest rate policy, the small open economy with floating exchange rate, the small open economy with a fixed exchange rate, and the large open economy. Next, we derive aggregate demand (AD) from the IS-LM model and introduce the Keynesian AD-AS model. Then we introduce dynamic modeling and study two dynamic AD-AS models. Finally, we discuss two verbal theories, Keynes’ theory of employment and investment and Minsky’s financial cycles.

This chapter studies economic growth. We first introduce two versions of the Solow model. The first is without technological progress. We show that there would be no sustained growth in per capita terms in a steady state. The second Solow model assumes exogenous technological progress, which makes sustained growth possible in a steady state. Next, we introduce an endogenous growth model that produces sustained growth without assuming exogenous technological progress. We then study how to account for the contribution of factor accumulation and technological progress to growth. Finally, we introduce two verbal theories. The first is Schumpeter’s creative destruction. The second is the Lewis model of economic development.

In this chapter, a turbomachinery-related nondimensional groupings of geometric dimensions and thermodynamic properties will be derived.

This chapter deals with long-run equilibrium analysis. We first introduce a classical AD-AS model to analyze how the total output is determined in equilibrium under classical assumptions. Next, to analyze frictional unemployment, we discuss a model of the natural rate of unemployment. Then we introduce a representative-firm model to analyze real factor prices and income distribution. Then we introduce a classical model of real interest rate and discuss how the model may be employed to explain economic phenomena and conduct virtual experiments. Next, we introduce the quantity theory of money. We provide a case study of China’s hyperinflation in the 1940s. Finally, we introduce open-economy models to analyze the long-run equilibrium of exchange rates.

In this book, we explore how the neurological organization of the brain influences the way people think, feel, and act. Critical to our understanding of the link between brain and mind is cognitive neuroscience, which comprises investigations of mental functions linked to neural processes, ranging from investigations in animals to humans and from experiments performed in the laboratory to computer simulations. Much earlier work in this area comes from human neuropsychology, which examines changes in behavior as a result of brain trauma.

In this chapter, the flow-governing equations (conservation laws) are reviewed, with applications that are purposely turbomachinery related. Particular emphasis is placed on the total (or stagnation) flow properties. A turbomachinery-adapted Mach number definition is also introduced as a compressibility measure of the flow field. A considerable part of the chapter is devoted to the total-relative properties, which, together with the relative velocity, define a legitimate thermophysical state. Different means of gauging the performance of a turbomachine, and the wisdom behind each of them, are discussed. Also explored is the entropy-production principle, as a way of assessing the performance of turbomachinery components. The point is stressed that the calculation of entropy production may indeed be desirable, for it is the only meaningful performance measure that is accumulative (or addable) by its mere definition.

The case of Dr. P illustrates how brain damage can cause deficits in executive functions – which include the ability to plan actions to reach a goal, to use information flexibly, to think abstractly, and to make inferences. As illustrated by this case study, difficulties in executive function can arise despite normal functioning in other domains of intellectual processing, such as those measured by IQ tests (retention of knowledge, vocabulary, spatial processing abilities, and so forth).

The term executive function serves as an umbrella to describe a set of abilities. To better understand the types of abilities that we discuss in this chapter, let’s consider, by analogy, the skills and attributes required of a company executive. First, an executive must have a master plan. For example, the executive’s goal may be to increase customer satisfaction, diversify markets, or raise production.

The patient in the opening vignette of this chapter is known in the scientific literature by his initials, H.M. After realizing the unintended effects of the operation, his surgeon, Dr. Henry Scoville, contacted Brenda Milner and her colleagues at McGill University in Montreal to unravel the mystery of his memory loss. Professor Milner discovered the divide in H.M.’s memory that we just discussed: the paradox that while certain aspects of memory were lost after removal of his medial temporal lobe, others were retained (Scoville and Milner, 1957). This work was critical in demonstrating the existence of at least two separable systems that support our ability to remember. As noted by Eric Kandel, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2000 for his work on the molecular mechanisms of memory formation, “[t]he study of H.M. by Brenda Milner stands as one of the great milestones in the history of modern neuroscience.

From a historical viewpoint, the centrifugal compressor configuration was developed and used, even in the propulsion field, well before axial-flow compressors were. Due to their large envelope and weight (Figure 11.1), the common belief that such a “bulky” compressor type has no place except in aerospace applications is not exactly accurate. For example, with a typical total-to-total pressure ratio of, for example, 5:1, it would take up to three axial-compressor stages to absorb similar amounts of shaft work that a single centrifugal compressor stage would. In fact, the added engine length, with so many axial stages, would increase the skin friction drag on the engine exterior, almost as much as the profile drag, which is a function of the frontal area.