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If you walk 4 miles due north and then 3 miles due east (Fig. 1.1), you will have gone a total of 7 miles, but you’re not 7 miles from where you set out – only 5. We need an arithmetic to describe quantities like this, which evidently do not add in the ordinary way. The reason they don’t, of course, is that displacements (straight line segments going from one point to another) have direction as well as magnitude (length), and it is essential to take both into account when you combine them.
In this chapter, we shall study electric fields in matter. Matter, of course, comes in many varieties – solids, liquids, gases, metals, woods, glasses – and these substances do not all respond in the same way to electrostatic fields. Nevertheless, most everyday objects belong (at least, in good approximation) to one of two large classes: conductors and insulators (or dielectrics).
When charges accelerate, their fields can transport energy irreversibly out to infinity – a process we call radiation.1 Let us assume the source is localized2 near the origin; we would like to calculate the energy it radiates at time . Imagine a gigantic sphere, out at radius (Fig. 11.1).
In this chapter we seek the general solution to Maxwell’s equations. Given the sources and , what are the fields and ? In the static case, Coulomb’s law and the Biot–Savart law provide the answer.
This chapter discusses the position (and especially protection) of the individual in international law, whether through human rights law, refugee law, the right to self-determination, or other means
This chapter outlines the various roles that the media can play in shaping foreign policy and discusses the limits and possibilities of public opinion as an influence on the actions of policymakers.
This chapter outlines the degree of change and continuity that the Obama administration brought to foreign policy and compares it to the Trump administration and its America First foreign policy.
This chapter discusses the emergence of the Cold War, the containment policy, and the Cold War consensus (and its challenges) that were developed against the expansion of international communism.
This chapter analyzes the Reagan administrations realist and Cold War foreign policy approach and the realist/idealist approach of the George H.W. Bush administration as the Cold War was ending.
This chapter discusses how states ought to behave in tiems of armed conflict, highlighting the role of such mechanisms as proportionality and military necessity