Consider a collection of $N$ two-component left-handed $(\frac{1}{2},0)$ fermions. The corresponding free-field Lagrangian is invariant under a global $\text{U}\left(N\right)$ symmetry. When a mass term and interactions are added to the theory, the global $\text{U}\left(N\right)$ symmetry is broken down to a discrete ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ symmetry that reflects the fact that any term in the Lagrangian must contain an even number of fermion fields.

This chapter complements Chapter 3 in Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition, which investigates the various classes of executive power, both statutory and non-statutory. The vast majority of executive power is conferred by statute. The extracts emphasise the importance of statutory interpretation when establishing the scope of express and implied powers. The final two extracts consider prerogative power.

In Chapter 1, we focused on quantum field theories of free fermions. In order to construct renormalizable interacting quantum field theories, we must introduce additional fields. The requirement of renormalizability imposes two constraints. First, the couplings in the interaction Lagrangian must have nonnegative mass dimension.

This chapter complements Chapter 7 of Government Accountability: Australia Administrative Law, third edition. An important point is that merits review is a creature of statute. The availability of merits review, the authority responsible for conducting review, the nature of review, the process to be followed and the remedies available in a given case can only be determined by careful examination of the relevant statutory provisions. For this reason, this chapter is not a collection of canonical authorities on merits review; few, if any, such authorities exist. The first two sections of this chapter provide government perspectives on the need for, aims of, and potential drawbacks of, merits review. The third section consists of two case studies of merits review. These cases are chosen to show how a merits review application might proceed; how merits review arguments are constructed; and the possible outcomes of merits review.

This chapter complements Chapter 13 of Government Accountability: Australian Administrative Law, third edition. The cases extracted in this chapter illustrate the operation of limits on power that can be discerned from the statute conferring the power: misconceiving the nature or scope of the power, jurisdictional facts (both objective and subjective), procedural error, improper delegation, and mandatory and prohibited considerations. The cases in this chapter are worth studying both for their exposition of legal principles, and for the application of those principles to the facts. O’Reilly v Commissioners of the State Bank of Victoria, for example, is not only the leading Australian case on improper delegation, but also an excellent example of the reasoning process used to determine whether delegation is permissible in a particular situation. With one exception, the cases in this chapter are decisions of the High Court of Australia. The exception is Liversidge v Anderson – which is included because Lord Atkin’s dissenting judgment is one of the most celebrated administrative law judgments.

Describes the rationale for, and approach to, regulation of payments systems. Considers the interchange fee regulation, and scope for competition between card and interbank systems

In this chapter, we devise a set of Feynman rules to describe matrix elements of processes involving spin-1/2 fermions. The rules are developed for two-component fermions and are then applied to tree-level decay and scattering processes and the fermion self-energy functions in the one-loop approximation.

Despite the successes of the Standard Model, it seems very likely that new physics is present at the TeV scale.

Describes the rationale for, and approach to, regulation of the electricity industry. Considers the effects of decarbonisation policies and restructuring policies on wholesale and retail competition

Describes the rationale for, and approach to, regulation of the gas industry. Considers the effects of restructuring policies on security of supply and prices, and new hydrogen networks