This paper aims to identify gaps between the reflection frameworks and students’ practice. Through a systematic literature review (PRISMA) and a qualitative survey of students, 12 reflection frameworks were reviewed, and the 13 challenges students faced at design projects in two design schools were identified. The results indicate three gaps between theory and students’ practice: skills of designers, granularities of reflection items, and supports of bridging reflection to next actions. This study provides insights for future development of support tools to bridge the gaps in design education.

The fetus of anti-Sjögren’s syndrome-associated antibody-positive mother developed complete atrioventricular block at 39 weeks of gestation and required urgent ventricular pacing after birth. Unexpectedly, the patient recovered from the atrioventricular block within a few days. Fraction analysis of maternal anti-Sjögren’s syndrome-associated antibody revealed positivity for isolated anti-Ro/SSA 60 kDa antibody, which is abnormal as most patients with complete atrioventricular block present with anti-Ro/SSA 52 kDa positivity, which may indicate a potentially atypical late and reversible manifestation of an autoimmune congenital atrioventricular block in this patient.

Following the trends established in psychology and emerging in L2 research, we explain our support for an Open Science approach in this paper (i.e., developing, analyzing and sharing datasets) as a way to answer controversial and complex questions in applied linguistics. We illustrate this with a focus on a frequently debated question, what underlies individual differences in the dynamic system of post-pubertal L2 speech learning? We provide a detailed description of our dataset which consists of spontaneous speech samples, elicited from 110 late L2 speakers in the UK with diverse linguistic, experiential and sociopsychological backgrounds, rated by ten L1 English listeners for comprehensibility and nativelikeness. We explain how we examined the source of individual differences by linking different levels of L2 speech performance to a range of learner-extrinsic and intrinsic variables related to first language backgrounds, age, experience, motivation, awareness, and attitudes using a series of factor and Bayesian mixed-effects ordinal regression analyses. We conclude with a range of suggestions for the fields of applied linguistics and SLA, including the use of Bayesian methods in analyzing multivariate, multifactorial data of this kind, and advocating for publicly available datasets. In keeping with recommendations for increasing openness of the field, we invite readers to rethink and redo our analyses and interpretations from multiple angles by making our dataset and coding publicly available as part of our 40th anniversary ARAL article.

We fabricated ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) capacitors withSn:In2O3 (ITO) or Pt top electrodes and investigatedthe ferroelectric properties of these PLZT capacitors. The shape ofpolarization–voltage hysteresis loops was essentially unchanged andthe decrease in the remnant polarization of the ITO/PLZT/Pt capacitors wassmaller than that of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitors after annealing with 3%D2 (in N2) at 200°C and 1 Torr(i.e., FGAD). Time of flightsecondary mass spectrometry revealed that the D atoms were incorporated into thePLZT film of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitors after 3% D2 annealing,resulting in a decrease in the ferroelectric properties. In comparison, no D ionsignal was detected in the PLZT film after FGAD for ITO/PLZT/Ptcapacitors.

We fabricated ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) capacitors with Sn:In2O3 (ITO) top electrodes using chemical solution deposition. Then, the effects of a thin conductive ITO buffer layer between the Pt bottom electrode and PLZT thin film were investigated in combination with top electrode (ITO/PLZT/ITO/Pt). The H2 degradation resistance of ITO/PLZT/ITO/Pt capacitors with a 3- and 28-nm-thick buffer layer was improved to 78 and 85%, respectively, from 60% without a buffer layer. The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles indicated the intensity of H ion increased after 45 min forming gas (3% H2/balance N2) annealing.

In this paper, we consider pairs of forbidden subgraphs that imply the existence of a 2-factor in a graph. For d ≥ 2, let d be the set of connected graphs of minimum degree at least d. Let F1 and F2 be connected graphs and let be a set of connected graphs. Then {F1, F2} is said to be a forbidden pair for if every {F1, F2}-free graph in of sufficiently large order has a 2-factor. Faudree, Faudree and Ryjáček have characterized all the forbidden pairs for the set of 2-connected graphs. We first characterize the forbidden pairs for 2, which is a larger set than the set of 2-connected graphs, and observe a sharp difference between the characterized pairs and those obtained by Faudree, Faudree and Ryjáček. We then consider the forbidden pairs for connected graphs of large minimum degree. We prove that if {F1, F2} is a forbidden pair for d, then either F1 or F2 is a star of order at most d + 2. Ota and Tokuda have proved that every -free graph of minimum degree at least d has a 2-factor. These results imply that for k ≥ d + 2, no connected graphs F except for stars of order at most d + 2 make {K1,k, F} a forbidden pair for d, while for every connected graph F makes {K1,k, F} a forbidden pair for d. We consider the remaining range of , and prove that only a finite number of connected graphs F make {K1,k, F} a forbidden pair for d.

We compared 2 archaeological relics of different preservation environments, white substances adhering to a vessel from the Matsusaki site and to earthenware from Hirohata, by measuring their environmental radioactivity, 14C, 228Ra/226Ra, 234U/238U, and 87Sr/86Sr, and major element contents (Ca, Sr, Mg, Fe, and Mn). The results showed that the 2 materials were somewhat different and also reflected differences in their preservation environments. The chemical elements that were more abundant in the Matsusaki sample than in the Hirohata sample, Fe, Mn, 238U, and 232Th (parent of 228Ra), are also abundant in seaweed or seagrass. Contamination by 14C derived from rainwater after atmospheric nuclear tests was clearly observed in the white substance from Hirohata.

Differential speed rolling (DSR) has been carried out on AZ31 alloys with Mn additions of 0 to 0.6 wt% for investigating the effects of Mn on microstructure, texture, mechanical properties, and formability. The Al–Mn compounds were formed in the sample with a Mn addition of only 0.2 wt% because of its low solid-solubility limit. There were tiny differences among the DSR-processed AZ31 alloys with different Mn contents, while the AZ31 alloy without Mn addition exhibited a more homogeneous microstructure, a weaker basal texture intensity, and a much superior formability together with a larger likelihood of grain growth during annealing. The Mn dissolving in αMg matrix exerted a far stronger influence on the resulting properties compared with those existing in form of the Al–Mn compounds. The Mn solute atoms induced an increase in c/a ratio, which may suppress activity of nonbasal slips and in turn degrade the deformation capability.

To ensure safety and efficiency of construction and operation of repositories, rock fractures need to be grouted where they intersect the facility. Cement-based grouting materials that have been used extensively in the past may, however, react with the groundwater and produce hyperalkaline leachate. A possible solution for this issue is use of alternative material.

Ethanol/Bentonite Slurry Grouting is another approach to minimize the long-term permeability of rock fractures. The slurry has high fluidity for the case of the ethanol concentration in the liquid phase being 60%. The viscosity of the slurry with bentonite content of 0.4 Mg/m3 was measured for conditions of the shear rate ranging from 0.1 to 1000 1/s. The viscosity of the slurry changed dramatically between the ethanol concentrations of 60 to 40 %, behaving as a non-Newtonian fluid. In order to investigate when the ethanol content of the slurry becomes low enough to achieve sufficient viscosity in rock fractures, an Ethanol Diffusion Test with experimental openings was carried out in the laboratory. Extrapolation of the measured minimum time for the filled slurry to reach the desirable low concentration of ethanol lead to the estimated minimum time ranging from 0.1 hours to 0.7 hours for a 0.2 mm aperture. These facts suggest that the injected slurry flows through the openings of fractures during the early period of injection and, later, as its ethanol content decreases, slurry's viscosity increases sufficiently so that the openings can be blocked.

Finite element approximation for degenerate parabolic equations is considered. We propose a semidiscrete scheme provided with order-preserving and L 1 contraction properties, making use of piecewise linear trial functions and the lumping mass technique. Those properties allow us to apply nonlinear semigroup theory, and the wellposedness and stability in L 1 and L ∞, respectively, of the scheme are established. Under certain hypotheses on the data, we also derive L 1 convergence without any convergence rate.The validity of theoretical results is confirmed by numerical examples.

This paper describes studies on high-quality InN growth on sapphire by RF-MBE. Critical procedures to obtain high-quality InN films were investigated and (1) nitridation process of sapphire substrates prior to growth, (2) precise control of V/III ratio and (3) selection of optimum growth temperature were found to be essential. Detailed structural characterizations by XRD, TEM, Raman scattering and EXAFS indicate that InN films obtained in this study have ideal hexagonal wurtzite structure. FWHMs of ω-2Θ mode XRD and E2(high)-phonon-mode of Raman scattering are as small as 28.9 arcsec and 3.2 cm-1, respectively. True band gap energy of InN is also discussed based on optical characterization results obtained from well-characterized hexagonal InN grown in this study. PbS, instead of InGaAs, was used as a detector for PL study in order to solve the problem coming from the cut-off wavelength of InGaAs detector. Based on these systematic studies on structural and optical property characterizations using high-quality InN, true band-gap energy of InN is suggested to be less than 0.67 eV and approximately 0.65 eV at room temperature. Single-crystalline InN films are also successfully grown on Si substrates by a brief nitridation of the Si substrates. Significant improvement of InN crystal quality on Si substrates by the insertion of an AlN buffer layer is also demonstrated.

InN films were grown on sapphire (0001) substrates by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The InN buffer layers deposited at low temperature were either grown on a substrate with nitridation or on a substrate without nitridation. The InN buffer layers on the nitridated substrates were always single crystalline, whereas the buffer layers on non-nitridated substrates were always polycrystalline. However, even without nitridation process, single crystalline InN films could be grown on the polycrystalline InN buffer layers; in this case, the orientation was always [1120] InN//[1120] sapphire epitaxy, which differed from the [1010] InN//[1120] sapphire epitaxy in films grown with nitridation.

Conformational transitions of human calcitonin (hCT) during fibril formation in the acidic and neutral conditions were investigated by high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. In aqueous acetic acid solution (pH 3.3), a local α-helical form is present around Gly10, whereas a random coil form is dominant as viewed from Phe22, Ala26, and Ala31 in the monomer form on the basis of the 13C chemical shifts. On the other hand, a local β-sheet form as viewed from Gly10 and Phe22, and both β-sheet and random coil as viewed from Ala26 and Ala31 were detected in the fibril at pH 3.3. The results indicate that conformational transitions from α-helix to β-sheet, and from random coil to β-sheet forms occurred in the central and C-terminus regions, respectively, during the fibril formation. The increased 13C resonance intensities of fibrils after a certain delay time suggests that the fibrillation can be explained by a two-step reaction mechanism in which the first step is a homogeneous association to form a nucleus, and the second step is an autocatalytic heterogeneous fibrillation. In contrast to the fibril at pH 3.3, the fibril at pH 7.5 formed a local β-sheet conformation at the central region and exhibited a random coil at the C-terminus region. Not only a hydrophobic interaction among the amphiphilic α-helices, but also an electrostatic interaction between charged side chains can play an important role for the fibril formation at pH 7.5 and 3.3 acting as electrostatically favorable and unfavorable interactions, respectively. These results suggest that hCT fibrils are formed by stacking antiparallel β-sheets at pH 7.5 and a mixture of antiparallel and parallel β-sheets at pH 3.3.

InN films with excellent surface morphology were grown by controlled the V/III ratio of InN epitaxal layer. It was found they were single crystal of InN films with wurtzite structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) observation. Hall mobility as high as 760 cm2/Vs was achieved for InN film grown at 550°C with 240 W of RF plasma power with a carrier density of 3.0×1019 cm−3 at room temperature. To our knowledge, this electron mobility is the highest value ever reported.

We examined numerous ovarian follicles from 32–35 d virgin mice by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopic immunohistochemistry. No macrophages were seen, but various stages of apoptotic granulosa cells were encountered. Presumably a granulosa cell or its debris in an advanced stage of apoptosis was destined to be phagocytosed by adjacent normal-looking granulosa cells. Other granulosa cells of normal appearance were seen in the region of the zona pellucida in contact with and apparently phagocytosing atrophic oocytes. Such granulosa cells were characterised by the presence of gap junctions with other cells and frequently contained annular gap junctions in the cytoplasm. To confirm the lack of involvement of macrophages in the process of follicular atresia and elimination, specially prepared ovarian sections were incubated with antimouse macrophage monoclonal antibodies (F4/80, Mac-1, Mac-2). None of the follicles examined showed positive immunoreactivity with these antibodies. Atretic follicles may shrink and eventually disappear from the ovary as a result of repeated apoptosis and phagocytosis by granulosa cells. There is no evidence for the presence or involvement of macrophages in the atretic follicles, at least in prereproductive mice as examined.

The residual stress measurement of quenched and tempered steels is of practical importance because the quenching can sometimes induce the high residual stress which affects the strength of materials. The stress constants of carbon steels quenched and tempered at various temperatures were measured in order to determine the residual stress of steels by x-ray diffraction. The stress constant increased slowly with increasing tempering temperatures below 500°C; it increased rapidly with tempering temperatures above about 500°C, This rapid increase in the stress constant is closely related to the change in microstructure of the steels in tempering; above the tempering temperature of around 500°C, the tempered martensite recrystallized and transformed to ferritic iron and fine cementite particles dispersed in the matrix; these coalesced and grew to be speroidized cementites and finally laminar cementite plates.