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Morphological differentiation of Avicularia and the proliferation of species in mid-Cretaceous Wilbertopora Cheetham, 1954 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)
- Alan H. Cheetham, Joann Sanner, Paul D. Taylor, Andrew N. Ostrovsky
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- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 80 / Issue 1 / January 2006
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- 20 May 2016, pp. 49-71
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Discovery of avicularium-like polymorphs in Wilbertopora mutabilis Cheetham, 1954 has provided not only a new opportunity for revising the genus Wilbertopora Cheetham, 1954, but also a more detailed basis for documenting the series of morphological changes by which avicularia differentiated from ordinary feeding zooids in what appears to be the first occurrence of these characteristic cheilostome bryozoan structures in the fossil record.
Eighteen of a total 60 quantitative characters measured on avicularia and ordinary and ovicell-bearing autozooids were sufficient to distinguish eight species of Wilbertopora by discriminant function analysis of zooid data from 93 colonies from the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) Washita Group in northeastern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma. Eighteen of a total of 20 of the quantitative characters that could be statistically coded for cladistic analysis proved to be informative with respect to parsimony, providing two maximally parsimonious trees for the eight species. Two-thirds of the diagnostic characters involve avicularia. An additional 55 colonies too poorly preserved for morphometric analysis could then be assigned to species qualitatively, with 170 more colonies lacking species-diagnostic characters.
The cladistic trees strongly suggest that most or all of the species diverged before the end of the Albian, but stratigraphic resolution is insufficient to test this hypothesis. Nevertheless, the series of morphological changes differentiating avicularia from ordinary autozooids in these species, based on the cladistic relationships, is highly significant statistically, and may be a pattern later repeated in other cheilostomes.
Wilbertopora and W. mutabilis are emended, and seven new species are described: W. listokinae, W. tappanae, W. spatulifera, W. attenuata, W. improcera, W. acuminata, and W. hoadleyae.
Exome Sequencing to Detect Rare Variants Associated With General Cognitive Ability: A Pilot Study
- Michelle Luciano, Victoria Svinti, Archie Campbell, Riccardo E. Marioni, Caroline Hayward, Alan F. Wright, Martin S. Taylor, David J. Porteous, Pippa Thomson, James G.D. Prendergast, Nicholas D. Hastie, Susan M. Farrington, Generation Scotland, Malcolm G. Dunlop, Ian J. Deary
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 18 / Issue 2 / April 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 March 2015, pp. 117-125
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Variation in human cognitive ability is of consequence to a large number of health and social outcomes and is substantially heritable. Genetic linkage, genome-wide association, and copy number variant studies have investigated the contribution of genetic variation to individual differences in normal cognitive ability, but little research has considered the role of rare genetic variants. Exome sequencing studies have already met with success in discovering novel trait-gene associations for other complex traits. Here, we use exome sequencing to investigate the effects of rare variants on general cognitive ability. Unrelated Scottish individuals were selected for high scores on a general component of intelligence (g). The frequency of rare genetic variants (in n = 146) was compared with those from Scottish controls (total n = 486) who scored in the lower to middle range of the g distribution or on a proxy measure of g. Biological pathway analysis highlighted enrichment of the mitochondrial inner membrane component and apical part of cell gene ontology terms. Global burden analysis showed a greater total number of rare variants carried by high g cases versus controls, which is inconsistent with a mutation load hypothesis whereby mutations negatively affect g. The general finding of greater non-synonymous (vs. synonymous) variant effects is in line with evolutionary hypotheses for g. Given that this first sequencing study of high g was small, promising results were found, suggesting that the study of rare variants in larger samples would be worthwhile.
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- By Brittany L. Anderson-Montoya, Heather R. Bailey, Carryl L. Baldwin, Daphne Bavelier, Jameson D. Beach, Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Kevin B. Bennett, Richard A. Block, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Corey J. Bohil, David B. Boles, Avinoam Borowsky, Jessica Bramlett, Allison A. Brennan, J. Christopher Brill, Matthew S. Cain, Meredith Carroll, Roberto Champney, Kait Clark, Nancy J. Cooke, Lori M. Curtindale, Clare Davies, Patricia R. DeLucia, Andrew E. Deptula, Michael B. Dillard, Colin D. Drury, Christopher Edman, James T. Enns, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Victor S. Finomore, Arthur D. Fisk, John M. Flach, Matthew E. Funke, Andre Garcia, Adam Gazzaley, Douglas J. Gillan, Rebecca A. Grier, Simen Hagen, Kelly Hale, Diane F. Halpern, Peter A. Hancock, Deborah L. Harm, Mary Hegarty, Laurie M. Heller, Nicole D. Helton, William S. Helton, Robert R. Hoffman, Jerred Holt, Xiaogang Hu, Richard J. Jagacinski, Keith S. Jones, Astrid M. L. Kappers, Simon Kemp, Robert C. Kennedy, Robert S. Kennedy, Alan Kingstone, Ioana Koglbauer, Norman E. Lane, Robert D. Latzman, Cynthia Laurie-Rose, Patricia Lee, Richard Lowe, Valerie Lugo, Poornima Madhavan, Leonard S. Mark, Gerald Matthews, Jyoti Mishra, Stephen R. Mitroff, Tracy L. Mitzner, Alexander M. Morison, Taylor Murphy, Takamichi Nakamoto, John G. Neuhoff, Karl M. Newell, Tal Oron-Gilad, Raja Parasuraman, Tiffany A. Pempek, Robert W. Proctor, Katie A. Ragsdale, Anil K. Raj, Millard F. Reschke, Evan F. Risko, Matthew Rizzo, Wendy A. Rogers, Jesse Q. Sargent, Mark W. Scerbo, Natasha B. Schwartz, F. Jacob Seagull, Cory-Ann Smarr, L. James Smart, Kay Stanney, James Staszewski, Clayton L. Stephenson, Mary E. Stuart, Breanna E. Studenka, Joel Suss, Leedjia Svec, James L. Szalma, James Tanaka, James Thompson, Wouter M. Bergmann Tiest, Lauren A. Vassiliades, Michael A. Vidulich, Paul Ward, Joel S. Warm, David A. Washburn, Christopher D. Wickens, Scott J. Wood, David D. Woods, Motonori Yamaguchi, Lin Ye, Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Edited by Robert R. Hoffman, Peter A. Hancock, University of Central Florida, Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion University, Virginia, Raja Parasuraman, George Mason University, Virginia, James L. Szalma, University of Central Florida
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research
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- 05 July 2015
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- 26 January 2015, pp xi-xiv
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- By Janine B. Adams, Kirsten B. Barnes, Guy C. Bate, Greg A. Botha, Meyrick B. Bowker, Sarah J. Bownes, Nicola K. Carrasco, Clinton P. Chrystal, Robynne A. Chrystal, Xander Combrink, Allan D. Connell, Digby P. Cyrus, Colleen T. Downs, William N. Ellery, Anthony T. Forbes, Nicolette T. Forbes, Caroline Fox, Nuette Gordon, Michael C. Grenfell, Suzanne E. Grenfell, Sylvi Haldorsen, Marc S. Humphries, Hendrik L. Jerling, Bruce E. Kelbe, C. Fiona MacKay, Christopher M. Maine, Andrew Z. Maro, Andrew A. Mather, Nelson A. F. Miranda, David G. Muir, Holly A. Nel, Sibulele Nondoda, Renzo Perissinotto, Deena Pillay, Naomi Porat, Roger N. Porter, Sean N. Porter, Justin J. Pringle, Ursula M. Scharler, Derek D. Stretch, Ricky H. Taylor, Jane Turpie, Jonathan K. Warner, Alan K. Whitfield
- Edited by Renzo Perissinotto, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Derek D. Stretch, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Ricky H. Taylor
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- Ecology and Conservation of Estuarine Ecosystems
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
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- 16 May 2013, pp xiii-xvi
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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9 - Achieving effective ECT
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Melancholia
- Published online:
- 14 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 01 June 2006, pp 181-195
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Summary
Practice makes perfect.
Remission of melancholia is achieved in 80–95% of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Lesser remission rates, however, are commonly reported. What accounts for the differences in clinical outcome?
The technical practice of ECT is complex and not all treatment courses are optimized to assure the maximum therapeutic benefit. Inappropriate frequency and inadequate numbers of treatments, energies too low to assure an effective seizure, elevated seizure thresholds, inefficient electrode placements, and missed or incomplete seizures result in courses of treatment with limited benefit.
Patient selection
Convulsive therapy relieves depressive mood disorders, yet the benefits are best established in those with melancholia. The relief of severe disorders in mood was discovered early in ECT history. In patients with both the depressed and manic phases of “manic-depressive insanity” and “involutional depression,” the introduction of ECT was quickly identified as a life-saving treatment. To assure proper selection of patients, an intensive search for predictors of good response examined identifiable symptoms and syndromes, demographic features, severity of illness, and duration of illness. An excellent and rapid clinical response found in melancholia of recent onset with severe vegetative signs, suicide intent, and delusional thinking occurred in older rather than younger patients. A poor outcome was associated with chronic illness, limited impairment that allowed sustained employment, comorbid personality disorder, “neurotic symptoms” (pervasive anxiety, dysthymia, hypochondriasis), and substance abuse. Specific behavior-rating scales designed as predictors were developed.
10 - The validity of the pharmacotherapy literature in melancholia
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Melancholia
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- 14 August 2009
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- 01 June 2006, pp 196-210
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Summary
… my few hours of sleep were usually terminated at three or four in the morning, when I stared up into yawning darkness, wondering and writhing at the devastation taking place in my mind and awaiting the dawn, which usually permitted me a feverish, dreamless nap
Melancholia is a severely debilitating illness with a high death rate and high potential for suicide. Its consequences were so dire that the introduction of even so intrusive a treatment as induced seizures was hailed as a remarkable advance. Over the past half-century, medications effective in ameliorating melancholia were developed and the fears that melancholia engendered in earlier centuries lessened.
Our present therapeutic ideal is to select treatments based on scientific study, defined as evidence-based medicine. Randomized controlled clinical trials form the foundation of evidence-based medicine, and the literature assessing the benefits of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing drugs is widely accepted. Reviews of this evidence conclude that all antidepressant medications have equal efficacy for major depression, differing only in side-effects. These conclusions influence clinical guidelines.
Present teaching, as expressed by an expert National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) panel states that: “The SSRIs [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors] are clearly the drug treatment of choice for all forms of depression in the United States … These drugs are approximately equivalent to each other and to TCAs [tricyclic antidepressants] in efficacy … The SSRIs have a much more benign side effect profile than TCAs and, largely for this reason, have replaced TCAs as first line therapy.”
List of patient vignettes
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Melancholia
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- 14 August 2009
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- 01 June 2006, pp ix-x
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1 - Melancholia: a conceptual history
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Melancholia
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Summary
Depression, most people know, used to be termed “melancholia”… Melancholia would still appear to be a far more apt and evocative word for the blacker forms of the disorder, but it was usurped by a noun with a bland tonality and lacking any magisterial presence, used indifferently to describe an economic decline or a rut in the ground, a true wimp of a word for such a major illness …
The Swiss-born psychiatrist Adolf Meyer had a tin ear for the finer rhythms of English and therefore was unaware of the semantic damage he had inflicted by offering “depression” as a descriptive noun for such a dreadful and raging disease. Nonetheless, for over seventy-five years the word has slithered innocuously through the language like a slug, leaving little trace of its intrinsic malevolence and preventing, by its very insipidity, a general awareness of the horrible intensity of the disease when out of control.
A scientific classification of behavior disorders is still an unreachable goal. The efforts in the past two centuries are reminiscent of the many attempts to bring order into the universe of plants and animals before the singular rules of Linnaeus and Mendel allowed meaningful classifications to emerge. The maladaptive variations in human mood, thought, and motor behavior observed over the millennia offer a myriad of images that have captured the attention of one observer or another who attempted to formulate these observations into an understandable framework.
2 - Melancholia defined
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Melancholy
(n.) - c.1303, “condition characterized by sullenness, gloom, irritability,” from O.Fr. melancholie, from L. L. melancholia, from Gk. melankholia “sadness,” lit. “black bile,” from melas (gen. melanos) “black” (see melanin) + khole “bile.”
Medieval physiology attributed depression to excess of “black bile,” a secretion of the spleen and one of the body's four “humors.”
Adj.sense of “sullen, gloomy” is from 1526; sense of “deplorable” (of a fact or state of things) is from 1710.
The precision of medical diagnostic terms is essential to establish the reliability and validity of proposed disease states. While the term “depression” is widely used in society, its meaning varies with the user, an attitude best expressed by Alice in Wonderland's Humpty-Dumpty, “When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.” In psychology, depression represents a decrease in psychomotor activity or intellectual agility. Within neurophysiology, depression refers to a decrease in the brain's functioning, measured in electrical activity or cerebral blood flow. For the pharmacologist, depression means the decrease in body functions induced by sedatives, soporifics, and anesthetics. In clinical practice, depression describes a normal human emotion, a pathologic state if it is retained too long or too deeply, or a psychopathologic syndrome that may be mild or severe. A clinical depressive episode may be defined by its associated adverse life events or it may strike a subject without cause.
5 - Examination for melancholia
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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Summary
I began to sense the onset of the symptoms at mid afternoon or a little later – gloom crowding in on me, a sense of dread and alienation and, above all, stifling anxiety. Rational thought was usually absent from my mind at such times, hence trance.
I can think of no more appropriate word for this state of being, a condition of helpless stupor in which cognition was replaced by that positive and active anguish.
The bedrock of psychiatric clinical research is the structured interview. It is designed to collect large amounts of information in a form suitable for multivariate analysis. To achieve reliability, questions are asked in a specific form and sequence. The opportunity for follow-up questioning, clarification, and discussion with the patient is limited. Experienced clinicians recognize the artificial nature of these instruments. Kendell commented on the exaggerated value given to structured interviews and rating scales, and the tendency to disregard the validity of a well-done clinical examination.
For most of medical history, syndromes have been identified intuitively by gifted physicians on the basis of their experience. They saw a pattern where others saw only confusion, or they saw a different pattern than had their predecessors.
The art of the medical examination is learned at the bedside. It is not taught from books alone. It remains the bedrock of clinical psychiatric diagnosis.
Clinical diagnosis, however, is simplified when depressive mood disorders are considered a single state differing only in severity.
14 - The pathophysiology of melancholia
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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I am gall, I am heartburn. God's most deep decree
Bitter would have me taste: my taste was me;
Bones built in me, flesh filled, blood brimmed the curse.
Self yeast of spirit a dull dough sours. I see
The lost are like this, and their scourge to be
As I am mine, their sweating selves; but worse
The biological components of depressive mood disorders are the theme of thousands of articles. Despite recognition that mood disorders are clinically and physiologically heterogeneous, few studies assess the biology of different forms of depressive illness. Our knowledge about melancholia is therefore limited, and is based largely on interpolation from hospital samples or patients identified as “severely depressed,” the groups most likely to include an abundance of melancholic patients. This chapter examines the neurobiology of melancholia. The association of melancholia with vegetative, psychomotor, and mood disturbances that result from the characteristic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction are the basis for the clinical features of melancholia. Their usefulness as diagnostic criteria is discussed in Chapter 4. Biological studies picture a mood disorder as an abnormal physiologic stress response. The neurochemical, electrophysiologic, and cognitive deviations are considered secondary to an abnormal stress response. Melancholic patients also demonstrate abnormal brain metabolism and structure that worsen with increasing numbers of episodes. Most abnormalities, however, resolve with proper treatment. When prolonged, the risk increases for future episodes of the illness.
A genetic predisposition for melancholia has been sought in genomic mapping.
11 - Basic pharmacotherapy for melancholic patients
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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I, who have always seen him so serene, so completely the master of his wonderful emotional instrument … so sensitive to human contacts and yet so secure from them; I could hardly believe it was the same James who cried out to me his fear, his despair, his craving for the “cessation of consciousness,” and all his unspeakable loneliness and need of comfort, and inability to be comforted! “Not to wake – not to wake –” that was his refrain; “and then one does wake, and one looks again into the blackness of life, and everything ministers to it.”
Among the interventions for the relief of melancholia, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective and should be considered in the treatment of every melancholic patient. Although superior to medications in the treatment of depressive illness, ECT is intrusive, not widely available, and most psychiatrists are not trained to prescribe or administer it. ECT has been so stigmatized that it is widely considered the treatment of last resort. The cost per treatment is substantial. The efficacy and optimal use of ECT are discussed in Chapters 8 and 9.
Melancholia is an illness that requires acute treatment to resolve the episode of depression, continuation treatment to preserve the remission and prevent relapse, and long-term treatment to reduce the risk of recurrence.
The basic pharmacotherapy for adult melancholic patients in uncomplicated circumstances warrants simplified algorithms.
12 - Pharmacotherapy for melancholic patients in complicating circumstances
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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A mood of lassitude and dejection took possession of his spirits. He lost all pleasure in society, would sit for hours at his table, unable to bring himself to work at anything … His sleep was troubled by dreams, his waking hours by accusing voices … His shaken nerves could muster up no power of resistance … Melancholy swelled to obsession, obsessions to delusion … Once again he tried to kill himself
Melancholia that is identified early and is treated vigorously by the available methods resolves rapidly. Treatment becomes challenging, however, when the patient has a comorbid general medical or neurologic condition that affects its delivery, or is very young or very old. The presence of psychosis or a history of a manic-depressive course are also complicating circumstances, but acute treatment of a melancholic episode in these circumstances is often straightforward and is discussed in Chapter 11. So-called “treatment-resistant depression” is discussed here.
Melancholia in pregnancy and breast-feeding
From 5 to 10% of women become clinically depressed during pregnancy. A depressive mood disorder is a risk factor for obstetrical difficulties, low infant birth weight, newborn irritability, retarded child development, and neurological deficits. Depressive moods and abnormal vegetative signs during pregnancy anticipate postpartum depression.
Women with mood disorders during the childbearing years and while sexually active need to be educated about the risks for the fetus of the illness and its treatments. They and their partners need a long-range treatment plan.
3 - Defining melancholia by psychopathology
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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And the mind's canker in its savage mood,
When the impatient thirst of light and air
Parches the heart; and the abhorred grate,
Marring the sunbeams with its hideous shade,
Works through the throbbing eyeball to the brain
With a hot sense of heaviness and pain
The descriptions of melancholia over millennia by medical authorities, writers, and public figures have face validity. The recognition led to the inclusion of “melancholia” in some form in all psychiatric classification systems. This heritage regards melancholia as a disorder in mood accompanied by perturbations in circadian and ultradian rhythms. Psychomotor disturbance is always present, expressed as agitation or inactivity, slowness of movement and speech, catatonia, or stupor. Ruminations of despondency and death dominate the sufferer's waking thoughts. Suicide is all too frequent.
Melancholia is the classic depressive mood disorder. Psychotic depression, manic-depressive depression, puerperal depressions, and abnormal bereavement are part of the melancholia picture. Diverse disease processes, such as endocrinopathies and seizure disorder, induce it. It is recognized worldwide and at all ages, becoming most prominent in older adults. Melancholia is less recognized in young children, but that omission may be a distortion of classification.
Despite its long history, the position of melancholia in psychiatric taxonomy is unclear. Traditionally it was considered a distinct illness. More recently it has been viewed as a stage of illness, not fundamentally different in pathophysiology from other depressive illnesses. Which view is correct?
Acknowledgments
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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13 - Proposed treatments for melancholia
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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There is a woman in this town who had lost three of four foetuses from epileptic attacks immediately after birth … It is clear that those foetuses died from a taint in the blood transmitted to the brain … In dealing with her next three children, immediately at birth, we had a fontanelle inserted in the neck and leeches applied behind the ears in order to drain off the impurities from the brain; they completely escaped epilepsy and still do to this day.
It is fair to say that most treatments prescribed today have little evidence to support their efficacy
Novel treatments for depression have been proposed. Some derive from observations of the neurobiology of mood disorders (e.g., light therapy (LT)) while others are opportunistic applications of new technologies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)). None has proven efficacy. Commonly promoted alternatives to standard treatments are discussed here.
Light therapy
Evidence for a seasonality in the incidence of mood disorders with higher incidence in the winter months encouraged thoughts that reductions in hours of sunlight affected brain neuroendocrine mechanisms and elicited mood disorders. The description of a seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (winter depression) and its inclusion in the psychiatric classification system encouraged extensive studies of LT. LT has also been assessed in patients with non-seasonally related depression.
This intervention presents high-intensity light from light boxes for varying lengths of time to subjects. Exposure time is 30–60 min daily for two weeks or more, typically between 6 and 9 a.m.
4 - Defining melancholia: laboratory tests
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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The lesson of the history of psychiatry is that progress is inevitable and irrevocable from psychology to neurology, from mind to brain, never the other way round. Every medical advance adds to the list of diseases which may cause mental derangement. The abnormal mental state is not the disease, nor its essence or its determinant, but an epiphenomenon. This is why psychological theories and therapies, which held out such promise at the turn of the century when so much less was known of localization of function in the brain, have added so little to understanding and treatment of mental illness, despite all the time and effort devoted to them.
The serological identification of syphilis is the model of a specific laboratory test for a general medical disorder. The test separates the behavioral syndrome of neurosyphilis from phenotypically similar but etiologically diverse conditions of mood and psychotic disorders. No such assessment exists for psychiatric disorders, despite more than a century of effort. A major hurdle in this quest has been the inability to define syndromes with biological homogeneity, thus confounding samples and eliciting conflicting findings. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was positive (non-suppression) in about 50% of depressed patients but was deemed unsuitable as a laboratory test in depressive illness, despite the evidence that samples of depressed patients were heterogeneous. Severely depressed patients, however, have substantial perturbations in their neuroendocrine functioning and measures of the endocrine system remain the best laboratory-based opportunity to demarcate mood disorders.
15 - Future directions
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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The madness of depression is … a storm of muck. Soon evident are the slowed-down responses, near paralysis, psychic energy throttled back close to zero. Ultimately, the body is affected and feels sapped, drained
Melancholia, a severe disturbance of mood, movement, and thought, has been recognized for millennia. It is a brain disease with abnormalities in neurochemical, neurohormonal, metabolic, and electrophysiologic processes.
The syndrome is considered moderately heritable. Under circumstances of stress at critical phases of development, the genetic predisposition is expressed, and the mood disorder develops. A prominent feature of melancholia is an “abnormal stress response state.” Recognizing melancholia is a clinical judgment that combines a signature psychopathology with identifiable hormonal and neurophysiologic perturbations.
Melancholia is well defined in the literature of medicine. Its characteristic psychopathology and laboratory testing are established in evidence, if not yet by consensus. Guidelines for the examination of melancholic patients and the differential diagnosis of depressive syndromes derive from the clinical experience and investigations of many authors. Suicide is a special risk for sufferers of melancholia, and prevention strategies are established.
Two effective treatment modalities for melancholic patients have been developed. Convulsive therapy is the oldest and the most effective intervention; guidelines for its effective application are well known. Medications are also delineated from the evidence, but the therapeutics has been distorted by the pharmaceutical industry. An objective consensus is needed. The efficacy of psychotherapies and other proposed treatment interventions has yet to be substantiated.
6 - The differential diagnosis of melancholia
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- By M. D. Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan School of Medicine, M. D. Max Fink, State University of New York at Stony Brook
- Michael Alan Taylor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Max Fink, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Melancholia
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But when the melancholy fit shall fall
Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud,
That fosters the droop-headed flowers all,
And hides the green hill in an April shroud;
Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose,
Or on the rainbow of salt sand-wave,
Or on the wreath of globed peonies,
Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows
Imprison her soft hand, and let her rave,
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes
We have defined melancholia as a depressive mood disorder characterized by psychomotor retardation and agitation, disturbances in vegetative functions, loss of interest, impaired concentration and memory, delusional thoughts, and preoccupation with suicide. Psychotic depression, depression that is part of a manic-depressive course, depression with catatonia, puerperal depression, and abnormal bereavement are melancholic illnesses. The evidence for including these conditions as melancholic disorders is discussed in Chapter 2.
Many other depressive disorders are delineated in psychiatric classifications that may or may not meet the criteria for melancholia. Atypical depression, dysthymia, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), adjustment disorder with depression, and similar syndromes are poorly defined. They encompass heterogeneous samples of patients who are best considered as having a non-melancholic mood disorder (Table 6.1).
Non-melancholic depressive mood disorders
Non-melancholic “major depression”
Cluster and latent class analyses identify depressed patients who do not exhibit melancholic features (Table 6.2). The studies do not indicate whether this group can be divided further.