Vaccines have revolutionised the field of medicine, eradicating and controlling many diseases. Recent pandemic vaccine successes have highlighted the accelerated pace of vaccine development and deployment. Leveraging this momentum, attention has shifted to cancer vaccines and personalised cancer vaccines, aimed at targeting individual tumour-specific abnormalities. The UK, now regarded for its vaccine capabilities, is an ideal nation for pioneering cancer vaccine trials. This article convened experts to share insights and approaches to navigate the challenges of cancer vaccine development with personalised or precision cancer vaccines, as well as fixed vaccines. Emphasising partnership and proactive strategies, this article outlines the ambition to harness national and local system capabilities in the UK; to work in collaboration with potential pharmaceutic partners; and to seize the opportunity to deliver the pace for rapid advances in cancer vaccine technology.

Increased use of dicamba and/or glyphosate in dicamba/glyphosate-tolerant soybean might affect many sensitive crops, including potato. The objective of this study was to determine the growth and yield of ‘Russet Burbank’ potato grown from seed tubers (generation 2) from mother plants (generation 1) treated with dicamba (4, 20, and 99 g ae ha−1), glyphosate (8, 40, and 197 g ae ha−1), or a combination of dicamba and glyphosate during tuber initiation. Generation 2 tubers were planted near Oakes and Inkster, ND, in 2016 and 2017, at the same research farm where the generation 1 tubers were grown the previous year. Treatment with 99 g ha−1 dicamba, 197 g ha−1 glyphosate, or 99 g ha−1 dicamba + 197 g ha−1 glyphosate caused emergence of generation 2 plants to be reduced by up to 84%, 86%, and 87%, respectively, at 5 wk after planting. Total tuber yield of generation 2 was reduced up to 67%, 55%, and 68% when 99 g ha−1 dicamba, 197 g ha−1 glyphosate, or 99 g ha−1 dicamba + 197 g ha−1 glyphosate was applied to generation 1 plants, respectively. At each site year, 197 g ha−1 glyphosate reduced total yield and marketable yield, while 99 g ha−1 dicamba reduced total yield and marketable yield in some site-years. This study confirms that exposure to glyphosate and dicamba of potato grown for potato seed tubers can negatively affect the growth and yield potential of the subsequently grown daughter generation.

New trait technology incorporating 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) resistance in soybean provides an alternative method to control weeds. However, the effect of postemergence treatments of 2,4-D on aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12 (AAD-12) soybean on injury and yield components has not been reported. Our objectives were to characterize the effect of 2,4-D (dimethylamine salt) rates (0, 1,120, and 2,240 g ae ha−1) and soybean growth stage (V5, R2, or V5 followed by R2) on AAD-12 soybean injury and yield components. Less than 3% soybean injury was observed when 2,240 g ha−1 of 2,4-D was applied to R2 soybean, and less than 1% soybean injury was caused by 1,120 g ha−1 of 2,4-D. Seed yield, seed mass, pod number, seed number, seed per pod, reproductive node number, pods per reproductive node, node number, and percent reproductive nodes were not affected by 2,4-D treatments when applied at the V5, R2, or the V5 followed by R2 soybean growth stage. This research demonstrates that soybean transformed with AAD-12 can tolerate foliar applications of 2,4-D at rates up to 2,240 g ha−1 with no effect on soybean grain yield components.

Soybean plants exposed POST to 2,4-D can have reduced seed yield dependingon the dose and time of exposure, but it is unclear how 2,4-D affectsspecific yield components. Objectives were to quantify soybean injury,characterize changes in seed yield and yield components of soybean plantsexposed to 2,4-D, and determine if seed-yield loss can be estimated fromvisual assessment of crop injury. Ten rates (0, 0.1, 1.1, 11.2, 35, 70, 140,280, 560, and 2,240 g ae ha−1) of 2,4-D were applied to Becksbrand 342 NRR soybean at three soybean growth stages (V2, V5, or R2). Thesoybeans were planted near Lafayette, IN and Urbana, IL in 2009 and 2010 andnear Fowler, IN in 2009. Twenty percent visual soybean injury was caused by29 to 109 g ha−1 2,4-D at 14 d after treatment (DAT) and 109 to245 g ha−1 at 28 DAT. Nonlinear regression models were fit todescribe the effect of 2,4-D on seed yield and yield components of soybean.Seed yield was reduced by 5% from 87 to 116 g ha−1 and a 10%reduction was caused by 149 to 202 g ha−1 2,4-D at allapplication timings. The number of seeds m−2, podsm−2, reproductive nodes m−2, and nodes m−2were the most sensitive yield components. Path analysis indicated that seeds m−2, pods m−2, main stem reproductive nodes m−2, and main stem nodes m−2 were the mostinfluential yield components in seed-yield formation. Seed-yield loss wassignificant (P < 0.0001) and highly correlated (R2 = 0.95 to 0.99) to visual soybean injury ratings. A 10%seed-yield loss was caused by 35% soybean injury observed at 14 DAT, whereasa 10% seed-yield loss was a result of 40, 19, and 15% soybean injuryobserved at 28 DAT when soybean was exposed to 2,4-D at the V2, V5, and R2growth stages, respectively.

The introduction of 2,4-D-resistant crops stacked with glyphosate resistance will enable the use of 2,4-D and glyphosate for weed control in corn, cotton, and soybean. Because there is little reported on the effectiveness of 2,4-D plus glyphosate on summer annual weed control, the objective was to evaluate 2,4-D and glyphosate tank mixtures on summer annual weed control. Six rates of 2,4-D (0, 280, 420, 560, 840, and 1,120 g ae ha−1) and three rates of glyphosate (0, 840, and 1,120 g ae ha−1) were applied to common lambsquarters, common waterhemp, giant ragweed, giant foxtail, and velvetleaf. Glyphosate at 840 g ha−1 controlled all weeds 94 to 100%. Giant ragweed was controlled 99 to 100% by 2,4-D alone when rates were 280 g ha−1 or higher. Common lambsquarters, common waterhemp, and velvetleaf control increased as 2,4-D rates increased, with 1,120 g ha−1 providing 90 to 94% control.