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Managing Herbicide Resistance: Listening to the Perspectives of Practitioners. Procedures for Conducting Listening Sessions and an Evaluation of the Process
- Jill Schroeder, Michael Barrett, David R. Shaw, Amy B. Asmus, Harold Coble, David Ervin, Raymond A. Jussaume, Jr., Micheal D. K. Owen, Ian Burke, Cody F. Creech, A. Stanley Culpepper, William S. Curran, Darrin M. Dodds, Todd A. Gaines, Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, Bradley D. Hanson, Prashant Jha, Annie E. Klodd, Andrew R. Kniss, Ramon G. Leon, Sandra McDonald, Don W. Morishita, Brian J. Schutte, Christy L. Sprague, Phillip W. Stahlman, Larry E. Steckel, Mark J. VanGessel
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 August 2018, pp. 489-497
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Seven half-day regional listening sessions were held between December 2016 and April 2017 with groups of diverse stakeholders on the issues and potential solutions for herbicide-resistance management. The objective of the listening sessions was to connect with stakeholders and hear their challenges and recommendations for addressing herbicide resistance. The coordinating team hired Strategic Conservation Solutions, LLC, to facilitate all the sessions. They and the coordinating team used in-person meetings, teleconferences, and email to communicate and coordinate the activities leading up to each regional listening session. The agenda was the same across all sessions and included small-group discussions followed by reporting to the full group for discussion. The planning process was the same across all the sessions, although the selection of venue, time of day, and stakeholder participants differed to accommodate the differences among regions. The listening-session format required a great deal of work and flexibility on the part of the coordinating team and regional coordinators. Overall, the participant evaluations from the sessions were positive, with participants expressing appreciation that they were asked for their thoughts on the subject of herbicide resistance. This paper details the methods and processes used to conduct these regional listening sessions and provides an assessment of the strengths and limitations of those processes.
Managing Wicked Herbicide-Resistance: Lessons from the Field
- Jill Schroeder, Michael Barrett, David R. Shaw, Amy B. Asmus, Harold Coble, David Ervin, Raymond A. Jussaume, Jr., Micheal D. K. Owen, Ian Burke, Cody F. Creech, A. Stanley Culpepper, William S. Curran, Darrin M. Dodds, Todd A. Gaines, Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, Bradley D. Hanson, Prashant Jha, Annie E. Klodd, Andrew R. Kniss, Ramon G. Leon, Sandra McDonald, Don W. Morishita, Brian J. Schutte, Christy L. Sprague, Phillip W. Stahlman, Larry E. Steckel, Mark J. VanGessel
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 August 2018, pp. 475-488
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Herbicide resistance is ‘wicked’ in nature; therefore, results of the many educational efforts to encourage diversification of weed control practices in the United States have been mixed. It is clear that we do not sufficiently understand the totality of the grassroots obstacles, concerns, challenges, and specific solutions needed for varied crop production systems. Weed management issues and solutions vary with such variables as management styles, regions, cropping systems, and available or affordable technologies. Therefore, to help the weed science community better understand the needs and ideas of those directly dealing with herbicide resistance, seven half-day regional listening sessions were held across the United States between December 2016 and April 2017 with groups of diverse stakeholders on the issues and potential solutions for herbicide resistance management. The major goals of the sessions were to gain an understanding of stakeholders and their goals and concerns related to herbicide resistance management, to become familiar with regional differences, and to identify decision maker needs to address herbicide resistance. The messages shared by listening-session participants could be summarized by six themes: we need new herbicides; there is no need for more regulation; there is a need for more education, especially for others who were not present; diversity is hard; the agricultural economy makes it difficult to make changes; and we are aware of herbicide resistance but are managing it. The authors concluded that more work is needed to bring a community-wide, interdisciplinary approach to understanding the complexity of managing weeds within the context of the whole farm operation and for communicating the need to address herbicide resistance.
Epidemiology of a large restaurant-associated outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O111:NM
- K. K. BRADLEY, J. M. WILLIAMS, L. J. BURNSED, M. B. LYTLE, M. D. McDERMOTT, R. K. MODY, A. BHATTARAI, S. MALLONEE, E. W. PIERCEFIELD, C. K. McDONALD-HAMM, L. K. SMITHEE
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 140 / Issue 9 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 November 2011, pp. 1644-1654
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In August 2008, a large outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O111:NM infections associated with a buffet-style restaurant in rural Oklahoma was identified. A case-control study of restaurant patrons and a retrospective cohort study of catered event attendees were conducted coupled with an environmental investigation to determine the outbreak's source and mode of transmission. Of 1823 persons interviewed, 341 (18·7%) met the outbreak case definition; 70 (20·5%) were hospitalized, 25 (7·3%) developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and one died. Multiple food items were significantly associated with illness by both bivariate and multivariate analyses, but none stood out as a predominant transmission vehicle. All water, food, and restaurant surface swabs, and stool cultures from nine ill employees were negative for the presence of Shiga toxin and E. coli O111:NM although epidemiological evidence suggested the outbreak resulted from cross-contamination of restaurant food from food preparation equipment or surfaces, or from an unidentified infected food handler.
Dengue Fever in Australia. Its History and Clinical Course, its Experimental Transmission by Stegomyia fasciata, and the Results of Inoculation and other Experiments
- J. Burton Cleland, Burton Bradley, W. McDonald
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- Journal:
- Journal of Hygiene / Volume 16 / Issue 4 / January 1918
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 May 2009, pp. 317-418
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1. Dengue Fever in Australia is undoubtedly an introduced disease. It has been existent from time to time in epidemic form since 1885.
2. The clinical description of the disease agrees with that of the Dengue described in text-books, the only departure noted being the distinct tendency to a relatively, and sometimes absolutely, slow pulse rate as compared with the temperature.
3. It is possible that under the single term “Dengue” more than one disease is at present included.
4. Epidemic Dengue in Australia is approximately co-extensive with the known distribution of Stegomyia fasciata. It does not extend beyond the area in which this mosquito is prevalent.
5. Stegomyia fasciata mosquitoes caught in a dengue infected district in the surroundings of cases of the disease, and some of them known to have fed on a dengue patient on the first and second days of his illness, transported to a non-dengue district, reproduced the disease in four out of seven persons on whom biting experiments were conducted.
6. Blood taken from three of these four cases reproduced the disease when injected into further persons. The blood of one case was not tested.
7. The incubation period of the four cases was found to be possibly between five and nine and a half days, probably between six and a half and nine and a half days, counting from the bitings to the definite onsets.
8. No known case of contagion occurred from any of the above four cases.
9. No evidence was obtained from two cases, one of which was heavily and repeatedly bitten with Culex fatigans, that Culex fatigans is capable of acting as a transmitter of dengue fever.
10. The blood of patients suffering from an attack of dengue can reproduce the disease when inoculated subcutaneously into healthy persons.
11. The disease thus inoculated is typical in every way of dengue fever naturally contracted. The inoculated disease may or may not shew marked skin rashes and double phases in the temperature charts, and presents a relatively and sometimes absolutely slow pulse; such variations occur in the natural disease. The incubation period of the inoculated disease varies from five to nine days corresponding with the incubation period of the mosquito-transmitted disease.
12. Results of the inoculations shew that:
(a) The virus of dengue is present in the blood as a whole.
(b) The serum of clotted infective blood may contain the virus.
(c) With washed corpuscles one apparently positive result was obtained out of three experiments.
(d) The fluid part of citrated infective blood may contain the virus.
(e) With Pasteur-Chamberland filtrates of infected serum and corpuscles, one positive result was obtained out of five experiments.
In considering these results failure to convey tne disease must not necessarily be interpreted as meaning that the menstruum employed never does contain the virus, as in some of the cases the blood may no longer have been infective at the time at which it was withdrawn.
(f) The presence of the virus in the blood has been demonstrated on the second and third days of the disease. Two experiments made may possibly be interpreted as shewing that infective material may still be present on the eighth day of the disease.
(g) One experiment appears to indicate that the virus is no longer present in the blood on the fourteenth day from' the beginning of the illness.
(h) Immunity to the inoculation of infective blood appears to be complete twenty-four days after recovery from a typical attack of dengue.
(i) Infected blood may maintain its infectivity outside the body if kept in a cool place for seven days at least.
(j) In two instances two individuals inoculated with the same material on the same day exhibited incubation periods practically identical in duration.
(k) The infection of dengue can be conveyed by sub-inoculations from individual to individual at least to the fourth generation without the resultant disease departing from the type of the natural disease.
(I) The disease has not been conveyed by the application of infective serum to a scarified area; nor apparently has it been conveyed by the application of infective material by swabbing to the nostrils.
(m) A very doubtful and probably negative result followed the gargling of the throat with infective material followed by swallowing of the same.
(n) Dengue fever has close analogies with yellow fever.
7 - Trade liberalization and investment in a multilateral framework
- Edited by Richard E. Baldwin, Joseph F. Francois, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
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- Book:
- Dynamic Issues in Commercial Policy Analysis
- Published online:
- 13 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 06 May 1999, pp 202-227
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Summary
Introduction
The gains from trade in static models stem from the increased efficiency of resource allocation and improved consumption possibilities. With the addition of imperfect competition, gains from trade may also follow from pro-competitive effects related to increasing returns to scale, the erosion of market power, and increased product and input variety. Numerical estimates of basic static efficiency effects tend to be relatively small as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). For example, static assessments of the Tokyo Round and Uruguay Round typically pointed to income effects of less than 1 per cent of base GDP. This is hardly consistent with cross-country studies of trade and income, which suggest linkages between trade policy and incomes, through investment, much stronger than those identified in static numeric studies. Nor are such modest estimates easily reconciled with the expectations held about trade reforms of this magnitude.
One shortcoming of the basic static story is that it fails to account for the positive relationship between trade, investment, and growth, a linkage that is fairly well established empirically (see, e.g., Edwards (1992), and Levine and Renelt (1992)). Also, on a theoretical level, classical growth theory suggests the potential for a medium-run growth or accumulation effect through induced changes in savings and investment patterns. The magnitude and possible direction of such effects depend on whether savings are assumed to be exogenously fixed or endogenously derived from intertemporal optimization.
On the basis of this literature, we explore the interaction between trade policy and capital accumulation in a multi-sector, multi-country setting. The trade policy reforms considered are the basic elements of the Uruguay Round.
12 - Capital Accumulation in Applied Trade Models
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- By Joseph F. Francois, Erasmus University, Bradley J. McDonald, World Trade Organization, Håkan Nordström, World Trade Organization
- Edited by Joseph F. Francois, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Kenneth A. Reinert, George Mason University, Virginia
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- Book:
- Applied Methods for Trade Policy Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 13 October 1997, pp 364-382
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Summary
Introduction
Trade theory suggests that the more efficient utilization of productive resources following trade liberalization will lead to a one-time (static) increase in gross domestic product (GDP). Depending on country size and the nature of competition, terms-of-trade effects and scale effects may magnify or even reverse the sign of these static efficiency gains. On top of the static impact, growth theory suggests the potential for a medium-run growth effect as static gains induce changes in savings and investment patterns. These effects are referred to by Baldwin and Venables (1995) as accumulation effects. The magnitude and direction of such effects depend on the assumed underlying savings behaviour (fixed savings, fixed time discount factors, overlapping generations, etc). These medium-run effects are different from the long-run, permanent growth effects emphasized in the new growth literature. They are grounded firmly in the capital accumulation mechanisms highlighted in classical growth theory and are not dependent on the dynamic externalities featured in the new growth theory. In this chapter, capital accumulation effects are explored in a general equilibrium context. Emphasis is placed on comparison of steady states. The explicit modeling of optimization-based transition dynamics is covered in Chapter 13.
Trade and Growth: Some Background
The gains from trade in static, perfectly competitive models stem from the increased efficiency of resource allocation and improved consumption pos- sibilities. In static models with imperfect competition, additional gains from trade may result from increasing returns to scale, as firms realize internal scale economies, and from increased product and input variety for consumers and producers, respectively.
9 - Multi-Region General Equilibrium Modeling
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- By Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Elena Ianchovichina, Purdue University, Bradley J. McDonald, World Trade Organization
- Edited by Joseph F. Francois, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Kenneth A. Reinert, George Mason University, Virginia
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- Book:
- Applied Methods for Trade Policy Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 13 October 1997, pp 258-299
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter is about the issues that modellers confront in deciding whether to apply single-region or multi-region general equilibrium models and, when multi-region models are used, the inherent differences in data and modeling methods that modellers face. The chapter provides an overview of the key data and conceptual issues involved in moving from single-region to multiregion models, such as the organization of trade and protection data, assumptions about product differentiation, and implications of alternative macroeconomic model closures.
The single-region and multi-region approaches are directly compared for a particular example involving the Uruguay Round. During the course of these negotiations, many countries sought quantitative guidance on the likely impact of the agreement on their economies. Because of limited data and modeling capacity, most of these countries conducted this analysis by using either single-region applied general equilibrium (AGE) models or multi-region partial equilibrium models. In our example, we ask the question, How much additional analytical insight would have been gained by having access to a multi-region model? The answer obviously depends on the country in question. We focus our analysis on Korea, which permits us to draw some tentative conclusions about the value added from multi-region AGE models.
Conceptual Issues in Multi-Region AGE Models
International trade is the key inter-regional link in multi-region AGE models, even when these models are not explicitly oriented toward trade issues. “Current account” relations between regions overshadow their counterpart “capital account” relations partly because of the issues being studied, but also because the numerical modeling of financial and asset-related international flows is less well-developed.
3 - Overview of the GTAP data base
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- By Mark Gehlhar, Washington, DC USA, Denice Gray, Washington, DC USA, Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Karen M. Huff, Purdue University, Elena Ianchovichina, Purdue University, Bradley J. McDonald, Geneva Switzerland, Robert McDougall, West Lafayette, IN USA, Marinos E. Tsigas, Washington, DC USA, Randall Wigle, Wilfrid Laurier University
- Edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Purdue University, Indiana
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- Book:
- Global Trade Analysis
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 28 December 1996, pp 74-123
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Summary
I Introduction and overview
The centerpiece of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) data base consists of bilateral trade, transport, and protection matrices that link 24 country/regional economic data bases. (See Table 3.1 for a complete list of regions and sectors in version 2 of the GTAP data base.) The regional data bases are derived from individual country input–output tables. The purpose of this chapter is to document the sources and procedures used in constructing the disaggregated 37-sector, 24-region data base that forms the basis for subsequent applications.
The next section discusses processing of the international bilateral merchandise trade data, which are published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations. These data are ideal for our purposes, but their reliability is questionable [see, for example, DeWulf (1981); Hiemstra and Mackie (1986); and Tsigas, Hertel, and Binkley (1992)]. Therefore, we discuss a statistical procedure for reconciling discrepant trade statistics and producing balanced bilateral trade and transport matrices for 1992. These bilateralized flows are also used to determine the pattern of trade in nonfactor services.
The third section discusses the support and protection data developed for GTAP. These are expressed in the form of ad valorem equivalent, tariff, and nontariff barriers, and they draw heavily on information submitted to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in connection with the Uruguay Round negotiations.