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89 results

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  • Implementation and evaluation of a group peer mentoring and leadership development program for research faculty in academic medicine

  • Linda H. Pololi, Janet T. Civian, Mark Brimhall-Vargas, Vasilia Vasiliou, Arthur T. Evans, Kacy Ninteau, Lisa A. Cooper, Brian T. Gibbs, Robert T. Brennan
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 9 / Issue 1 / 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    26 March 2025, e63
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  • Introduction:

    Research faculty often experience poor mentoring, low vitality, and burnout. We report on our logic model inputs, activities, measurable outcomes, and impact of a novel mentoring intervention for biomedical research faculty: the C-Change Mentoring & Leadership Institute. We present a) a detailed description of the curriculum and process, b) evaluation of the program’s mentoring effectiveness from the perspective of participants, and c) documentation of mentoring correlated with key positive outcomes.

    Methods:

    A yearlong facilitated group peer mentoring program that convened quarterly in person was conducted twice (2020–2022) as part of an NIH-funded randomized controlled study. The culture change intervention aimed to increase faculty vitality, career advancement, and cross-cultural competence through structured career planning and learning of skills essential for advancement and leadership in academic medicine. Participants were 40 midcareer MD and PhD research faculty, half women, and half underrepresented by race or ethnicity from 27 US medical schools.

    Results:

    Participants highly rated their mentoring received at the Institute. Extent of effective mentoring experienced correlated strongly with the measurable outcomes of enhanced vitality, self-efficacy in career advancement, research and work-life integration, feelings of inclusion in the program, valuing diversity, and skills for addressing inequity.

    Conclusions:

    The mentoring model fully included men and women and historically underrepresented persons in medicine and minimized problems of power, gender, race, and ethnicity discordance. The intervention successfully addressed the urgencies of sustaining faculty vitality, developing faculty careers, facilitating cross-cultural engagement and inclusion, and contributing to cultivating cultures of inclusive excellence in academic medicine.

  • Randomized controlled trial of a group peer mentoring model for U.S. academic medicine research faculty

  • Linda H. Pololi, Arthur T. Evans, Mark Brimhall-Vargas, Janet T. Civian, Lisa A. Cooper, Brian K. Gibbs, Kacy Ninteau, Vasilia Vasiliou, Robert T. Brennan
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 August 2023, e174
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  • Introduction:

    Midcareer is a critical transition point for biomedical research faculty and a common dropout point from an NIH-funded career. We report a study to assess the efficacy of a group peer mentoring program for diverse biomedical researchers in academic medicine, seeking to improve vitality, career advancement, and cross-cultural competence.

    Methods:

    We conducted a stratified randomized controlled trial with a waitlist control group involving 40 purposefully diverse early midcareer research faculty from 16 states who had a first-time NIH R01 (or equivalent) award, a K training grant, or a similar major grant. The yearlong intervention (2 to 3 days quarterly) consisted of facilitated, structured, group peer mentoring. Main study aims were to enhance faculty vitality, self-efficacy in achieving research success, career advancement, mentoring others, and cultural awareness and appreciation of diversity in the workplace.

    Results:

    Compared to the control group, the intervention group’s increased vitality did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.20), but perceived change in vitality was 1.47 standard deviations higher (D = 1.47, P = 0.03). Self-efficacy for career advancement was higher in the intervention group (D = 0.41, P = 0.05) as was self-efficacy for research (D = 0.57, P = 0.02). The intervention group also valued diversity higher (D = 0.46, P = 0.02), had higher cognitive empathy (D = 0.85, P = 0.03), higher anti-sexism/racism skills (D = 0.71, P = 0.01), and higher self-efficacy in mentoring others (D = 1.14, P = 0.007).

    Conclusions:

    The mentoring intervention resulted in meaningful change in important dimensions and skills among a national sample of diverse early midcareer biomedical faculty. This mentoring program holds promise for addressing the urgencies of sustaining faculty vitality and cross-cultural competence.

  • Are researchers in academic medicine flourishing? A survey of midcareer Ph.D. and physician investigators

  • Linda H. Pololi, Arthur T. Evans, Janet T. Civian, Lisa A. Cooper, Brian K. Gibbs, Kacy Ninteau, Rada K. Dagher, Kimberly Bloom-Feshbach, Robert T. Brennan
  • Journal:
    Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue 1 / 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 April 2023, e105
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  • Introduction:

    Midcareer research faculty are a vital part of the advancement of science in U.S. medical schools, but there are troubling trends in recruitment, retention, and burnout rates.

    Methods:

    The primary sampling frame for this online survey was recipients of a single R01 or equivalent and/or K-award from 2013 to 2019. Inclusion criteria were 3–14 years at a U.S. medical school and rank of associate professor or two or more years as assistant professor. Forty physician investigators and Ph.D. scientists volunteered for a faculty development program, and 106 were propensity-matched controls. Survey items covered self-efficacy in career, research, work-life; vitality/burnout; relationships, inclusion, trust; diversity; and intention to leave academic medicine.

    Results:

    The majority (52%) reported receiving poor mentoring; 40% experienced high burnout and 41% low vitality, which, in turn, predicted leaving intention (P < 0.0005). Women were more likely to report high burnout (P = 0.01) and low self-efficacy managing work and personal life (P = 0.01) and to be seriously considering leaving academic medicine than men (P = 0.003). Mentoring quality (P < 0.0005) and poor relationships, inclusion, and trust (P < 0.0005) predicted leaving intention. Non-underrepresented men were very likely to report low identity self-awareness (65%) and valuing differences (24%) versus underrepresented men (25% and 0%; P < 0.0005). Ph.D.s had lower career advancement self-efficacy than M.D.s (P < .0005).

    Conclusions:

    Midcareer Ph.D. and physician investigators faced significant career challenges. Experiences diverged by underrepresentation, gender, and degree. Poor quality mentoring was an issue for most. Effective mentoring could address the concerns of this vital component of the biomedical workforce.

  • Direct measurement of optical properties of glacier ice using a photon-counting diffuse LiDAR

  • Markus Allgaier, Matthew G. Cooper, Anders E. Carlson, Sarah W. Cooley, Jonathan C. Ryan, Brian J. Smith
  • Journal:
    Journal of Glaciology / Volume 68 / Issue 272 / December 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, pp. 1210-1220
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  • The production of meltwater from glacier ice, which is exposed at the margins of land ice during the summer, is responsible for a large proportion of glacier mass loss. The rate of meltwater production from glacier ice is especially sensitive to its physical structure and chemical composition which combine to determine the albedo of glacier ice. However, the optical properties of near-surface glacier ice are not well known since most prior work has focused on laboratory-grown ice or deep cores. Here, we demonstrate a measurement technique based on diffuse propagation of nanosecond-duration laser pulses in near-surface glacier ice that enables the independent measurement of the scattering and absorption coefficients, allowing for a complete description of the processes governing radiative transfer. We employ a photon-counting detector to overcome the high losses associated with diffuse optics. The instrument is highly portable and rugged, making it optimally suited for deployment in remote regions. A set of measurements taken on Crook and Collier Glaciers, Oregon, serves as a demonstration of the technique. These measurements provide insight into both physical structure and composition of near-surface glacier ice and open new avenues for the analysis of light-absorbing impurities and remote sensing of the cryosphere.

  • Older boards are better boards, so beware of diversity targets

  • Elizabeth Prior Jonson, Linda McGuire, Sharif Rasel, Brian Cooper
  • Journal:
    Journal of Management & Organization / Volume 26 / Issue 1 / January 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 December 2019, pp. 15-28

  • This study examined 130 Australian companies from the ASX 500 All Ordinaries between 2011 and 2015. We performed regression analysis on the effects of age of the board (mean age and age diversity) upon financial performance (measured by ROA and Tobin's Q). Controlling for board size, firm size and industry sector, we found that the average age of board members is positively associated with firm performance as measured by ROA. Boards with an older average age of directors perform better than boards with a younger average age. There was no significant relationship between age diversity as measured by the within-board standard deviation on the two performance measures. The primary focus of our study was age. However, an interesting concomitant finding is that the focus on increasing female representation on boards will lower the average age of a board (as female directors tend to be significantly younger than their male counterparts) and this may have an adverse impact on financial performance.

  • Imaging the adult zebrafish cone mosaic using optical coherence tomography

  • ALISON L. HUCKENPAHLER, MELISSA A. WILK, ROBERT F. COOPER, FRANCIE MOEHRING, BRIAN A. LINK, JOSEPH CARROLL, ROSS F. COLLERY
  • Journal:
    Visual Neuroscience / Volume 33 / 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 October 2016, E011
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  • Zebrafish (Danio rerio) provide many advantages as a model organism for studying ocular disease and development, and there is great interest in the ability to non-invasively assess their photoreceptor mosaic. Despite recent applications of scanning light ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and gonioscopy to in vivo imaging of the adult zebrafish eye, current techniques either lack accurate scaling information (limiting quantitative analyses) or require euthanizing the fish (precluding longitudinal analyses). Here we describe improved methods for imaging the adult zebrafish retina using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Transgenic fli1:eGFP zebrafish were imaged using the Bioptigen Envisu R2200 broadband source OCT with a 12-mm telecentric probe to measure axial length and a mouse retina probe to acquire retinal volume scans subtending 1.2 × 1.2 mm nominally. En face summed volume projections were generated from the volume scans using custom software that allows the user to create contours tailored to specific retinal layer(s) of interest. Following imaging, the eyes were dissected for ex vivo fluorescence microscopy, and measurements of blood vessel branch points were compared to those made from the en face OCT images to determine the OCT lateral scale as a function of axial length. Using this scaling model, we imaged the photoreceptor layer of five wild-type zebrafish and quantified the density and packing geometry of the UV cone submosaic. Our in vivo cone density measurements agreed with measurements from previously published histology values. The method presented here allows accurate, quantitative assessment of cone structure in vivo and will be useful for longitudinal studies of the zebrafish cone mosaics.

  • The Treatment of Anxiety in Young Children: Results of an Open Trial of the Fun FRIENDS Program

  • Paula Barrett, Brian Fisak, Marita Cooper
  • Journal:
    Behaviour Change / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / December 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    18 September 2015, pp. 231-242

  • Background: Preschool-aged children exhibit a relatively high prevalence rate of anxiety disorders, and the course of these disorders is often chronic. However, surprisingly few studies have focused on the treatment of anxiety in this age group. In response to this limitation, the purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of an open trial of the Fun FRIENDS (FF) program, a downward extension of the FRIENDS programs for preschool-aged children (5–7 years), in a community clinic setting. Method: The sample included 31 children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Treatment consisted of 10 weekly sessions administered in a group format. Parents also received two information sessions. Child anxiety, behavioural inhibition, and resiliency were assessed at preintervention, immediate postintervention, and at 12-month follow-up. Results: Significant decreases in child anxiety and shyness and improvements on measures of resiliency were observed following the completion of treatment. Conclusions: The results of this study provide support for the effectiveness of the Fun FRIENDS program as a treatment for anxiety in young children. Further, this study adds to the relatively small body of research focused on the use of CBT to treat anxiety disorders in this population.

  • 7 - The dynamics of employee voice in Australia

  • from Part II - The Evolving Workplace
  • Edited by Julian Teicher, Monash University, Victoria, Peter Holland, Monash University, Victoria, Richard Gough, Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne
  • Book:
    Australian Workplace Relations
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    04 June 2013, pp 118-136

  • Summary

    Chapter objectives

    This chapter will enable readers to understand the:

  • concept and varieties of employee voice and of voice channels

  • development of employee voice in an Australian context

  • importance of employee voice for organisations and their employees

  • comparative efficacy of different employee voice channels

  • importance of power and influence when analysing employee voice.

    • Introduction

    The contemporary Australian workplace relations landscape, as in many other Anglo-American advanced market economies, is strongly influenced by neo-liberal ideologies. Related to this has been a series of important developments, including declining trade union membership and density, the emergence of sophisticated human resources management (HRM) strategies focusing on the individual and the rise of enterprise bargaining. These changes have had a significant effect on the structure and practice of workplace relations, not least on the ways in which management variously communicates, interacts with and involves the workforce or its representatives in the organisation and its processes (which we refer to here as ‘employee voice’). The shift in the locus of decision-making power to the workplace level, and a focus on direct communications between employers and employees, increasingly is becoming the norm so that forms of voice involving unions are generally in decline in the English-speaking world. As unions and union voice channels in the workplace have become more marginalised, this has acted as both a cause and a catalyst for the development of alternative voice channels in many – usually larger – organisations. These fundamental changes in workplace relations have stimulated increased interest in new patterns of employee voice and employee participation in Australia, specifically in terms of establishing and utilising effective mechanisms to engage employees and manage the employment relationship.

Management Research Methods
  • Phyllis Tharenou, Ross Donohue, Brian Cooper
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    14 May 2007
  • Management Research Methods, first published in 2007, is a comprehensive guide to the design and conduct of research in management-related disciplines such as organisational behaviour, human resource management, industrial relations, and the general field of management. Specifically, the text begins by providing an overview of the research process and in subsequent chapters explains the major types of design used in management research (correlational field studies, experimental and quasi-experimental designs, case studies, historical analysis, and action research). There are also chapters that describe the methods of data collection (interviews, questionnaires, documentation and observation) commonly employed by management researchers. In addition, the text examines the issues of reliability and validity, the construction of multi-item scales, and the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The text concludes with a practical guide explaining how to report research findings and a discussion of the ethical issues in the conduct and practice of research.

  • Subthreshold affective disorders: a useful concept in psychiatric epidemiology?

  • Kerstin Schotte, Brian Cooper
  • Journal:
    Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale / Volume 8 / Issue 4 / December 1999
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 October 2011, pp. 255-261

  • Objective - In recent years an extensive literature has grown up around the concepts of subthreshold, subsyndromal, minor and brief recurrent affective disorder and their applications in population-based research. The aim of this short review is to examine the definitions and current status of these proposed categories with special reference to depression, and to assess their potential contribution to psychiatric epidemiology. Method - A Medline search was carried out for the period 1965-1999, based on the above four terms. Relevant references found in all identified publications were also followed up. Results - In great measure these constructs have been developed as a reponse to deficiencies in the DSM classification system and to a lesser extent in the ICD. The groups are all defined by having fewer criterial symptoms, or a shorter duration of symptoms, than the ‘official’ diagnostic categories. Use of these definitions has resulted in widely varying prevalence estimates. Conclusion - Improved methods are badly needed for classifying all those persons in the wider community who are in need of medical treatment and help for psychological disorder, but do not satisfy operational criteria laid down in the official guidelines. This cannot, however, be achieved simply by lowering operational thresholds in these systems. Further research on clinical and psycho-social characteristics of the common mental disorders is called for, and in many societies a favourable setting is that of primary health care, where a move towards pragmatic, comprehensive classification of community health problems is already under way.

  • Schizophrenia, social class and immigrant status: the epidemiological evidence

  • Brian Cooper
  • Journal:
    Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale / Volume 14 / Issue 3 / September 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 October 2011, pp. 137-144

  • Background — By the mid-1960s, the importance of socio-economic status for schizophrenia had been demonstrated in terms of differences between social-class groups in prevalence and incidence rates, illness course and outcome, and treatment experience. In the causation – selection debate, however, opinion had swung in favour of the selection hypothesis. Aims — To reassess evidence on the social-class distribution of schizophrenia in Britain, and to compare this body of research with population-based studies of schizophrenia risk in socially disadvantaged ethnic minorities. Method — Systematic review of medical and psychological data-bases. Results — Epidemiological research, while confirming the importance of premorbid social decline, has also provided support for the environmental ‘breeder’ hypothesis. High psychosis rates have been confirmed in ethnic minori-ties; in particular among Afro-Caribbean and other Black immigrants whose low social status cannot be accounted for by selective downward social drift or segregation. Conclusions — There are striking parallels, both in the epidemiology of schizophrenia and in social characteristics, between the lower-class indigenous groups highlighted by earlier psychiatric surveys and African-Caribbean populations in Britain's inner cities today. These similarities underline the need for a broader perspective in the search for environmental risk factors.

    Declaration of Interest: none.

  • Late-life mental disorders and primary health care

  • Brian Cooper
  • Journal:
    Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale / Volume 1 / Issue 2 / August 1992
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 October 2011, pp. 79-81
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