People often assess the reasonableness of another person’s judgments. When doing so, the evaluator should set aside knowledge that would not have been available to the evaluatee to assess whether the evaluatee made a reasonable decision, given the available information. But under what circumstances does the evaluator set aside information? On the one hand, if the evaluator fails to set aside prior information, not available to the evaluatee, they exhibit belief bias. But on the other hand, when Bayesian inference is called for, the evaluator should generally incorporate prior knowledge about relevant probabilities in decision making. The present research integrated these two perspectives in two experiments. Participants were asked to take the perspective of a fictitious evaluatee and to evaluate the reasonableness of the evaluatee’s decision. The participant was privy to information that the fictitious evaluatee did not have. Specifically, the participant knew whether the evaluatee’s decision judgment was factually correct. Participants’ judgments were biased (Experiments 1 and 2) by the factuality of the conclusion as they assessed the evaluatee’s reasonableness. We also found that the format of information presentation (Experiment 2) influenced the degree to which participants’ reasonableness ratings were responsive to the evaluatee’s Bayesian rationality. Specifically, responsivity was greater when the information was presented in an icon-based, graphical, natural-frequency format than when presented in either a numerical natural-frequency format or a probability format. We interpreted the effects of format to suggest that graphical presentation can help organize information into nested sets, which in turn enhances Bayesian rationality.

The sub-kilometre scale distribution of snow depth on Arctic sea ice impacts atmosphere-ice fluxes of energy and mass, and is of importance for satellite estimates of sea-ice thickness from both radar and lidar altimeters. While information about the mean of this distribution is increasingly available from modelling and remote sensing, the full distribution cannot yet be resolved. We analyse 33 539 snow depth measurements from 499 transects taken at Soviet drifting stations between 1955 and 1991 and derive a simple statistical distribution for snow depth over multi-year ice as a function of only the mean snow depth. We then evaluate this snow depth distribution against snow depth transects that span first-year ice to multiyear ice from the MOSAiC, SHEBA and AMSR-Ice field campaigns. Because the distribution can be generated using only the mean snow depth, it can be used in the downscaling of several existing snow depth products for use in flux modelling and altimetry studies.

Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals, as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.

Research collaborations are two-way streets. To obtain support from organizations, academics must communicate the value of their research projects to the stakeholders. In their focal article, Lapierre et al., (2018) described this process as the academic “sales pitch”, one that must be “short yet attention grabbing” (p.20). Academic research in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology, however, is rooted in esoteric jargon (e.g., validity and reliability) and unconvincing evidence (e.g., r and r2) (Highhouse, Brooks, Nesnidol, & Sim, 2017; Rynes, 2009). These concepts are difficult for non-academics to understand and may even undermine the value of our work (Brooks, Dalal, & Nolan, 2014; Kuncel & Rigdon, 2012; Mattern, Kobrin, Patterson, Shaw, & Camara, 2009). CEOs and other senior leaders often have limited time, attention, and expertise to process your pitch: A bad one could effectively derail the collaboration before it even began.

The objective of this WSSA Weed Loss Committee report is to provide quantitative data on the potential yield loss in sugar beet due to weed interference from the major sugar beet growing areas of the United States and Canada. Researchers and extension specialists who conducted research on weed control in sugar beet in the United States and Canada provided quantitative data on sugar beet yield loss due to weed interference in their regions. Specifically, data were requested from weed control studies in sugar beet from up to 10 individual studies per calendar year over a 15-yr period between 2002 and 2017. Data collected indicated that if weeds are left uncontrolled under optimal agronomic practices, growers in Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ontario, Oregon, and Wyoming would potentially lose an average of 79%, 61%, 66%, 68%, 63%, 75%, 83%, 78%, and 77% of the sugar beet yield. The corresponding monetary loss would be approximately US$234, US$122, US$369, US$43, US$40, US$211, US$12, US$14, and US$32 million, respectively. The average yield loss due to weed interference for the primary sugar beet growing areas of North America was estimated to be 70%. Thus, if weeds are not controlled, growers in the United States would lose approximately 22.4 million tonnes of sugar beet yield valued at approximately US$1.25 billion, and growers in Canada would lose approximately 0.5 million tonnes of sugar beet yield valued at approximately US$25 million. The high return on investment in weed management highlights the importance of continued weed science research for sustaining high crop yield and profitability of sugar beet production in North America.

Earlier reports have summarized crop yield losses throughout various North American regions if weeds were left uncontrolled. Offered here is a report from the current WSSA Weed Loss Committee on potential yield losses due to weeds based on data collected from various regions of the United States and Canada. Dry bean yield loss estimates were made by comparing dry bean yield in the weedy control with plots that had >95% weed control from research studies conducted in dry bean growing regions of the United States and Canada over a 10-year period (2007 to 2016). Results from these field studies showed that dry bean growers in Idaho, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Ontario, and Manitoba would potentially lose an average of 50%, 31%, 36%, 59%, 94%, 31%, 71%, 56%, and 71% of their dry bean yield, respectively. This equates to a monetary loss of US $36, 40, 6, 56, 421, 2, 18, 44, and 44 million, respectively, if the best agronomic practices are used without any weed management tactics. Based on 2016 census data, at an average yield loss of 71.4% for North America due to uncontrolled weeds, dry bean production in the United States and Canada would be reduced by 941,000,000 and 184,000,000 kg, valued at approximately US $622 and US $100 million, respectively. This study documents the dramatic yield and monetary losses in dry beans due to weed interference and the importance of continued funding for weed management research to minimize dry bean yield losses.

Adjuvants influence weed control and crop tolerance provided by postemergence (POST) herbicides. Adjuvant effects on weed control and corn and soybean tolerance with CGA-248757 and flumiclorac applied alone and soybean tolerance with CGA-248757 and flumiclorac applied in combination with imazethapyr or CGA-277476 were evaluated. Velvetleaf control in the greenhouse and common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed control in the greenhouse and field with CGA-248757 and flumiclorac were increased by the addition of an adjuvant. However, corn and soybean tolerance to these herbicides was not affected by adding an adjuvant. Laboratory studies suggest enhanced weed control from the addition of an adjuvant resulted from an increase in CGA-248757 and flumiclorac foliar absorption. In greenhouse studies, velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed control with CGA-248757 plus imazethapyr; velvetleaf control with flumiclorac plus imazethapyr; redroot pigweed and common ragweed control with CGA-248757 plus CGA-277476; and velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed control with flumiclorac plus CGA-277476 increased by adding an organosilicone adjuvant when compared with adding a nonionic surfactant (NIS). However, in field evaluations of CGA-248757 or flumiclorac plus imazethapyr, the addition of NIS or an organosilicone adjuvant resulted in equivalent soybean injury, common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed control, and soybean yield. Yet in tank mixtures of CGA-248757 or flumiclorac plus CGA-277476, the addition of an organosilicone adjuvant increased redroot pigweed control and soybean yield compared to adding NIS.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Advance’) and wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) were grown in the field in monoculture and mixed culture (additively) to compare their seasonal growth and development. Barley and wild oat tiller and tiller head production were reduced by the interference (higher density) of the other species. Plant height of either species was not affected by interference of the other. Wild oat biomass was reduced more and at an earlier growth stage (two to three tillers) than was barley biomass (heading) in mixed culture. Barley and wild oat grown in monoculture had similar total plant nitrogen content throughput the growing season. Gas exchange and water potential of barley and wild oat in monoculture and mixed culture were similar. All measurements indicated that barley and wild oat grown in monoculture had growth and development patterns that were similar. In mixed culture, however, barley was more competitive with wild oat than wild oat was with barley. Wild oat reduced barley yield component quality and grain yield.

Intraspecific and interspecific interference effects on growth, gas exchange, and water potential of wild oat and spring barley were measured under greenhouse conditions using a 1:1.06 barley to wild oat replacement series. Intraspecific barley interference affected barley growth more than interspecific wild oat interference. Interspecific wild oat interference with barley reduced wild oat growth more than intraspecific interference. Wild oat plant height surpassed barley plant height near barley anthesis. Growth and gas exchange of barley and wild oat responded the same to short-term water stress.

The adsorption of naphthalene by a Bosket loam soil was studied at 6.5, 15, 25, and 37C. Because the solubility and vapor pressure of naphthalene are precisely known over this temperature range, a complete thermodynamic description of the differences between standard vapor, crystal, solution, and soil-adsorbed states is possible. The results indicate that enthalpies and entropies of the solution and surface standard states are quite similar (though very different from the vapor state) resulting in a near-zero standard enthalpy difference and a small standard entropy increase for adsorption from solution. Considering naphthalene as a model for herbicides and as a probe into the nature of the soil surface, the results emphasize the importance of the unique structured nature of water acting as a solvent, and the competition of water for adsorption sites.

The presence of wheat straw mulch in no-tillage systems can increase corn yields in the central Great Plains, but information is needed on the optimal mulch level and the toxicity of metolachlor on corn growth. Research was conducted to determine the effect of winter wheat straw mulch levels of 0, 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 t ha–1 and metolachlor rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5X-rates on corn growth and yield in a winter wheat-ecofallow-corn-fallow rotation at three locations across Nebraska. Response of corn to different mulch levels and metolachlor rates varied with climate and location. In general, early corn growth was retarded by increasing amounts of mulch due to reduced soil temperatures, but after tasseling corn grew taller under increasing mulch levels because of increased soil moisture. Soil water content, kernel moisture at harvest, stover dry matter, total dry matter, ears per plant, and kernel weight increased with increasing mulch level. Corn grain yield reached a maximum at a mulch level of 5.1 t ha–1. Kernel weight, kernel number, and grain yield increased with higher mulch levels and 0.5 and 1.0X metolachlor rates as weed competition was reduced, but decreased at the 1.5X-rate of metolachlor due to corn injury. Lack of sufficient growing degree-days to compensate for lower soil temperatures or corn injury reduced corn yields at the higher mulch levels and 1.5X-rate of metolachlor in west-central and western Nebraska. From a practical standpoint, a mulch level of 3.4 to 5.1 t ha–1 and a metolachlor rate near the X-rate should increase corn yield (14 to 15%) over unmulched corn in the central Great Plains.

Because adsorption is a major factor controlling herbicide persistence, activity, and mobility in soils, an extensive literature exists on the measurement of this process. The adsorption data are usually fitted to the Freundlich equation, but attempts to interpret this equation theoretically have had only limited success. A meaningful thermodynamic interpretation of the Freundlich equation can be developed using a proposed standard state for adsorbed herbicide, which assumes that soil organic matter forms a solid solution with the herbicide. When herbicide vapor pressures and aqueous solubilities are taken into account, the losses in free energy of different herbicides, on adsorption onto wetted soil surfaces, are shown to be similar to each other and are slightly less than the loss on absorption to the solid herbicides themselves. The Freundlich exponent is related in a simple way to the decreasing energy of available soil sites as the amount of herbicide adsorbed increases, but this change is relatively small over the range of concentrations used in adsorption experiments. Sample results are given for six triazine, three urea, and one uracil herbicides.

Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 to measure the interference of wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) removed at various stages of development (two to three leaves, two to three tillers, two nodes, and heading), plus treatments with wild oat not removed, and wild oat-free stands on the growth and yield of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Advance’). The final plant density of barley and wild oat was 160 and 170 plants/m2, respectively. Based on aboveground barley biomass and yield, the critical duration of wild oat interference began about the two-node stage and continued until maturity of the barley. Wild oat interference reduced barley biomass, the number of tiller heads/plant, tiller heads/unit area, and tiller grain yield, but not the number or grain yield of the main-stem heads. Wild oat did not affect the soil matric potential or the barley total plant and soil nitrogen contents. However, wild oat did reduce total water and turgor potential in barley at the boot stage of growth, which may have affected tiller head formation.

Shoot apices of 7-day old foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L) Beauv.) seedlings treated with 2 and 20 mg/L of dimethyltetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) were examined under the electron microscope. Cell division is interrupted. The nucleus and nucleolus do not disintegrate and chromosomes do not differentiate. Instead, giant nuclei and giant nucleoli occupy most of the cell volume in the meristematic regions. Several nucleolar caps form on the giant nucleolus; and in the advanced stages, they separate and are encircled by a nuclear membrane to form multiple nuclei. Other organelles are also affected. Cristae and thylakoid membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts degenerate and multiple vacuoles form. Cell walls are markedly more osmophilic after DCPA treatment. Treated cells are less turgid than controls.

Bioassay techniques were evaluated for the determination of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} residues in soil and water. A linear response of corn (Zea mays L.) primary root length to chlorsulfuron concentrations (InX+1) of 0.0 to 16.0 μg/L was observed in the water bioassay. Several soil extraction bioassay methods were attempted and found to be highly variable. A Ca(OH)2 soil extraction bioassay technique produced a linear response of primary corn root length to chlorsulfuron concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 64.0 μg/kg. The efficiency of the Ca(OH)2 extraction bioassay was determined by the use of 14C-chlorsulfuron. Recovery efficiency at 1.0 μg/kg was 74% and averaged 62% at all higher chlorsulfuron concentrations.