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We investigate the spreading of falling ambient-temperature Newtonian drops after their normal impact on a quartz plate covered with a thin layer of liquid nitrogen. As a drop expands, liquid nitrogen evaporates, generating a vapour film that maintains the drop in levitation. Consequently, the latter spreads in inverse Leidenfrost conditions. Three drop-spreading regimes are observed: (i) inertio-capillary, (ii) inertio-viscous, and (iii) inertio-viscous-capillary. In the first regime, although the drop expansion is essentially driven by a competition between inertial and capillary stresses, it is also affected by viscous effects emerging from the vapour film, which ultimately favours the development of a shear flow within the drop. Interestingly, vapour film effects become marginal in both the second and third regimes, allowing the drop to undergo biaxial extension primarily. More specifically, in the inertio-viscous scenario, the expansion is driven by the balance between inertial and biaxial extensional viscous stresses in the drop. Finally, inertia, capillarity and drop viscosity are all relevant in the third regime. These physical mechanisms are underlined through a mixed approach combining experiments with multiphase three-dimensional numerical simulations in light of spreading dynamics analyses, energy transfer and scaling laws. Our results are rationalized in a two-dimensional diagram linking the drops’ maximum expansion and spreading time with the observed spreading regimes through a single dimensionless parameter given by the square root of the capillary number (the ratio of the viscous stress to the capillary stress).
This article takes stock of the 2030 Agenda and focuses on five governance areas. In a nutshell, we see a quite patchy and often primarily symbolic uptake of the global goals. Although some studies highlight individual success stories of actors and institutions to implement the goals, it remains unclear how such cases can be upscaled and develop a broader political impact to accelerate the global endeavor to achieve sustainable development. We hence raise concerns about the overall effectiveness of governance by goal-setting and raise the question of how we can make this mode of governance more effective.
A recent meta-analysis on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has shown that these global goals are moving political processes forward only incrementally, with much variation across countries, sectors, and governance levels. Consequently, the realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development remains uncertain. Against this backdrop, this article explores where and how incremental political changes are taking place due to the SDGs, and under what conditions these developments can bolster sustainability transformations up to 2030 and beyond. Our scoping review builds upon an online expert survey directed at the scholarly community of the ‘Earth System Governance Project’ and structured dialogues within the ‘Taskforce on the SDGs’ under this project. We identified five governance areas where some effects of the SDGs have been observable: (1) global governance, (2) national policy integration, (3) subnational initiatives, (4) private governance, and (5) education and learning for sustainable development. This article delves deeper into these governance areas and draws lessons to guide empirical research on the promises and pitfalls of accelerating SDG implementation.
As SDG implementation lags behind, this article explores 5 governance areas asking how to strengthen the global goals.
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