We undertake a comprehensive investigation into the distribution of in situ stars within Milky Way-like galaxies, leveraging TNG50 simulations and comparing their predictions with data from the H3 survey. Our analysis reveals that 28% of galaxies demonstrate reasonable agreement with H3, while only 12% exhibit excellent alignment in their profiles, regardless of the specific spatial cut employed to define in situ stars. To uncover the underlying factors contributing to deviations between TNG50 and H3 distributions, we scrutinise correlation coefficients among internal drivers (e.g. virial radius, star formation rate [SFR]) and merger-related parameters (such as the effective mass-ratio, mean distance, average redshift, total number of mergers, average spin-ratio, and maximum spin alignment between merging galaxies). Notably, we identify significant correlations between deviations from observational data and key parameters such as the median slope of virial radius, mean SFR values, and the rate of SFR change across different redshift scans. Furthermore, positive correlations emerge between deviations from observational data and parameters related to galaxy mergers. We validate these correlations using the Random Forest Regression method. Our findings underscore the invaluable insights provided by the H3 survey in unravelling the cosmic history of galaxies akin to the Milky Way, thereby advancing our understanding of galactic evolution and shedding light on the formation and evolution of Milky Way-like galaxies in cosmological simulations.

The problem of detecting emergent social structure in small groups is examined in terms of establishing a baseline or expected structure. The standard proposed here is equalitarianism; that is to say, every member is equally likely to interact with every other member. Using information theory, a formal statement of the equalitarian argument is possible. In addition to detecting a deviation by a single group, the structural tendency of several groups assigned to some experimental condition is discussed. This technique is designed for the preliminary analysis of structure; it deals only with the general character of the total structure.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Supported by the State of Alabama, the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI) is aimed at preventing and treating common conditions with a genetic basis. This joint UAB Medicine-HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology effort provides genomic testing, interpretation, and counseling free of charge to residents in each of Alabama’s 67 counties. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Launched in 2017, as a state-wide population cohort, AGHI (1.0) enrolled 6,331 Alabamians and returned individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v2.0 medically actionable genes. In 2021, the cohort was expanded to include a primary care cohort. AGHI (2.0) has enrolled 750 primary care patients, returning individual risk of disease(s) related to the ACMG SF v3.1 gene list and pre-emptive pharmacogenetics (PGx) to guide medication therapy. Genotyping is done on the Illumina Global Diversity Array with Sanger sequencing to confirm likely pathogenic / pathogenic variants in medically actionable genes and CYP2D6 copy number variants using Taqman assays, resulting in a CLIA-grade report. Disease risk results are returned by genetic counselors and Pharmacogenetics results are returned by Pharmacists. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have engaged a statewide community (>7000 participants), returning 94 disease risk genetic reports and 500 PGx reports. Disease risk reports include increased predisposition to cancers (n=38), cardiac diseases (n=33), metabolic (n=12), other (n=11). 100% of participants harbor an actionable PGx variant, 70% are on medication with PGx guidance, 48% harbor PGx variants and are taking medications affected. In 10% of participants, pharmacists sent an active alert to the provider to consider/ recommend alternative medication. Most commonly impacted medications included antidepressants, NSAIDS, proton-pump inhibitors and tramadol. To enable the EMR integration of genomic information, we have developed an automated transfer of reports into the EMR with Genetics Reports and PGx reports viewable in Cerner. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We share our experience on pre-emptive implementation of genetic risk and pharmacogenetic actionability at a population and clinic level. Both patients and providers are actively engaged, providing feedback to refine the return of results. Real time alerts with guidance at the time of prescription are needed to ensure future actionability and value.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Current practice guidelines offer a variety of treatment options for sternal reconstruction but complications and infections remain a serious surgical problem. This work seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of the com-morbidities and reconstructive methods that lead to success and improve patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Patients that undergo cardiac surgery via the median sternotomy approach are at risk of wound complications that require repair. We seek to evaluate how outcomes of sternal reconstruction are influenced by patient comorbidities, flap usage and internal mammary artery grafts and methods of sternal closure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We identified patients between 2005 and 2020 who underwent sternotomy followed by debridement and flap coverage at our institution. Comorbidities, method of reconstruction, demographic data, surgical history, and other factors pertaining to mortality and morbidity were collected. The data will then be analyzed to identify population characteristics using logistic regression variables to determine univariate and adjusted multivariable measures of association with mortality. We present the pre-liminary data analyzed using chi-square and one-way anova in R. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In this study we present a preliminary characterization of one institution’s sternal reconstruction patient outcomes with a variety of reconstruction methods including pectoralis advancement flaps, omental flaps and latissumus dorsi flaps. Notable preoperative comorbidities include 50% of patients > age 60, 18% with diabetes mellitus, 18 % with diagnosed hypertension, 18% with COPD, and 9% with a smoking history DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: In an evolving cardiothoracic landscape, clinical characteristics of patients being treated for sternal reconstructive surgery present a moving target. Understanding current risk factors, preoperative management and timing for aggressive surgical treatment offers an opportunity to update treatment protocol and maximize successful outcomes.

Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a concept for a National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission that will achieve ground-breaking science in the fields of galaxy evolution, cosmology, Milky Way, and the Solar System. It is the follow-up space mission to Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), boosting its scientific return by obtaining deep 1–4 μm slit spectroscopy for ∼70% of all galaxies imaged by the ∼2 000 deg2 WFIRST High Latitude Survey at z > 0.5. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy will measure accurate and precise redshifts for ∼200 M galaxies out to z < 7, and deliver spectra that enable a wide range of diagnostic studies of the physical properties of galaxies over most of cosmic history. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe and WFIRST together will produce a 3D map of the Universe over 2 000 deg2, the definitive data sets for studying galaxy evolution, probing dark matter, dark energy and modifications of General Relativity, and quantifying the 3D structure and stellar content of the Milky Way. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe science spans four broad categories: (1) Revolutionising galaxy evolution studies by tracing the relation between galaxies and dark matter from galaxy groups to cosmic voids and filaments, from the epoch of reionisation through the peak era of galaxy assembly; (2) Opening a new window into the dark Universe by weighing the dark matter filaments using 3D weak lensing with spectroscopic redshifts, and obtaining definitive measurements of dark energy and modification of General Relativity using galaxy clustering; (3) Probing the Milky Way’s dust-enshrouded regions, reaching the far side of our Galaxy; and (4) Exploring the formation history of the outer Solar System by characterising Kuiper Belt Objects. Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe is a 1.5 m telescope with a field of view of 0.4 deg2, and uses digital micro-mirror devices as slit selectors. It has a spectroscopic resolution of R = 1 000, and a wavelength range of 1–4 μm. The lack of slit spectroscopy from space over a wide field of view is the obvious gap in current and planned future space missions; Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy fills this big gap with an unprecedented spectroscopic capability based on digital micro-mirror devices (with an estimated spectroscopic multiplex factor greater than 5 000). Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy is designed to fit within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration probe-class space mission cost envelope; it has a single instrument, a telescope aperture that allows for a lighter launch vehicle, and mature technology (we have identified a path for digital micro-mirror devices to reach Technology Readiness Level 6 within 2 yr). Astrophysics Telescope for Large Area Spectroscopy Probe will lead to transformative science over the entire range of astrophysics: from galaxy evolution to the dark Universe, from Solar System objects to the dusty regions of the Milky Way.

Blackbrush acacia and huisache, two troublesome woody legumes on Texas rangelands, could be distinguished on conventional color aerial video imagery. The integration of a global positioning system with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of blackbrush acacia and huisache infestations to be recorded on each image. Global positioning system coordinates were entered into a geographic information system to map blackbrush acacia and huisache populations over an extensive rangeland area.

Leafy spurge is a troublesome, exotic weed in the northern Great Plains of the United States. Leafy spurge produces showy yellow bracts during June that give this weed a conspicuous appearance. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to detect leafy spurge in this phenological stage. Study sites were located in North Dakota and Montana. Plant canopy reflectance measurements showed that leafy spurge had higher visible (0.63- to 0.69-μm) reflectance than several associated plant species. The conspicuous yellow bracts of leafy spurge gave it distinct yellow-green and pink images on conventional color and color-infrared aerial photographs, respectively. Leafy spurge also could be distinguished on conventional color video imagery where it had a golden yellow image response. Quantitative data obtained from digitized video images showed that leafy spurge had statistically different digital values from those of associated vegetation and soil. Computer analyses of video images showed/that light reflected from leafy spurge populations could be quantified from associated vegetation. This technique permits area estimates of leafy spurge populations. Large format conventional color photographs of Theodore Roosevelt National Park near Medora, ND were digitized and integrated with a geographic information system to produce a map of leafy spurge populations within the park that can be useful to monitor the spread or decline of leafy spurge.

This paper describes the application of airborne video data with global positioning system and geographic information system technologies for detecting and mapping Chinese tamarisk infestations in the southwestern United States. Study areas were along the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona, the Rio Grande River in extreme west Texas, and the Pecos River in west-central Texas. Chinese tamarisk could be readily distinguished on conventional color video imagery in late November when its foliage turned a yellow-orange to orange-brown color prior to leaf drop. The integration of the global positioning system with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of Chinese tamarisk infestations to be recorded on each image. The global positioning system latitude/longitude coordinates were entered into a geographic information system to map Chinese tamarisk populations along the three river systems.

Shin oak is a deciduous shrub that forms dense stands of brush on sandy soils in rangeland areas of the Rolling and High Plains of Texas. Plant canopy reflectance measurements made on shin oak showed that it had both low visible (0.63- to 0.69-μm waveband) and nearinfrared (0.76- to 0.90-μm waveband) reflectance values, a characteristic generally not shared by associated plant species or mixtures of species. The low reflectance values of shin oak caused it to have dark-red, reddish-brown, or brown image tones on color-infrared photographic, videographic, and SPOT satellite images that made it distinguishable from associated vegetation and other land use features. The optimum time to remotely distinguish this noxious shrub is during the mature phenological stage from June to September. Computer-based image analyses of video and satellite images showed that shin oak populations could be quantified. This technique can permit “percent land area” estimates of shin oak on rangelands. The aerial imagery is useful for detecting shin oak on smaller rangeland areas, whereas the satellite imagery is applicable in mapping large areas of shin oak distribution.

This paper describes the application of a relatively new remote sensing tool, airborne video imagery, for distinguishing weed and brush species on rangelands. Plant species studied were false broomweed, spiny aster, and Chinese tamarisk. A multispectral video system that acquired color-infrared (CIR) composite imagery and its simultaneously synchronized three-band [near-infrared (NIR), red, and yellow-green] narrowband images was used for the false broomweed and spiny aster experiments. A conventional color camcorder video system was used to study Chinese tamarisk. False broomweed and spiny aster could be detected on CIR composite and NIR narrowband imagery, while Chinese tamarisk could be distinguished on conventional color imagery. Quantitative data obtained from digitized video images of the three species showed that their digital values were statistically different (P = 0.05) from those of associated vegetation and soil. Computer analyses of video images showed that populations of the three species could be quantified from associated vegetation. This technique permits area estimates of false broomweed, spiny aster, and Chinese tamarisk populations on rangeland and wildland areas.

The high near-infrared reflectance (0.76 to 0.90 μm) of Big Bend loco and Wooton loco contributed significantly to their orange-red and red image tonal responses, respectively, on color-infrared aerial photographs making them distinguishable from associated vegetation and soil. Big Bend loco could also be distinguished on color-infrared and near-infrared black-and-white video imagery where it had distinct red and whitish tonal responses, respectively. Computer analyses of photographic and videographic images showed that Big Bend loco and Wooton loco populations could be quantified from other landscape features. A global positioning system was integrated with the video imagery that permitted latitude-longitude coordinates to appear on each image. The latitude-longitude data were integrated with a geographical information system to map Big Bend loco populations.

Common and Drummond goldenweed are troublesome subshrubs that often invade rangelands in southern Texas. Both species produce a profusion of conspicuous golden-yellow flowers in the fall. Common goldenweed flowers from late September to mid-October, whereas Drummond goldenweed flowers from mid-November to early December. Plant canopy reflectance measurements made on both species showed that they had higher visible (0.63- to 0.69-μm waveband) reflectance than did associated plant species and bare soil during flowering. Flowering common and Drummond goldenweed plants had a yellow image on conventional color (0.40- to 0.70-μm) aerial photographs that made them distinguishable from associated plants and soil. Computer analyses of the conventional color film transparencies showed that common and Drummond goldenweed infestations could be quantified from associated vegetation and soil. Flowering common goldenweed plants could also be detected on conventional color aerial video imagery.

Weed science has contributed much to agriculture, forestry and natural resource management during its history. However, if it is to remain relevant as a scientific discipline, it is long past time for weed scientists to move beyond a dominating focus on herbicide efficacy testing and address the basic science underlying complex issues in vegetation management at many levels of biological organization currently being solved by others, such as invasion ecologists and molecular biologists. Weed science must not be circumscribed by a narrowly-defined set of tools but rather be seen as an integrating discipline. As a means of assessing current and future research interests and funding trends among weed scientists, the Weed Science Society of America conducted an online survey of its members in summer of 2007. There were 304 respondents out of a membership of 1330 at the time of the survey, a response rate of 23%. The largest group of respondents (41%) reported working on research problems primarily focused on herbicide efficacy and maintenance, funded mainly by private industry sources. Another smaller group of respondents (22%) reported focusing on research topics with a complex systems focus (such as invasion biology, ecosystem restoration, ecological weed management, and the genetics, molecular biology, and physiology of weedy traits), funded primarily by public sources. Increased cooperation between these complementary groups of scientists will be an essential step in making weed science increasingly relevant to the complex vegetation management issues of the 21st century.

Producers within the cattle industry are faced with three major types of risks: (1) risks of losses in quality; (2) risks of quantity losses; and (3) losses resulting from unfavorable changes in cash prices. Quality and quantity risks are physical risks that can be dealt with through managerial techniques, adoption of new technology, and the use of fire, storm, and theft insurance. The risk associated with unfavorable price changes does not lend itself to an insurance approach. Producers must, therefore, become speculators in the cash market or choose to employ marketing strategies designed to transfer price risks to other market functionaries.