12 results
Perimenstrual exacerbation of symptoms in borderline personality disorder: evidence from multilevel models and the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System
- Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul, Katja M. Schmalenberger, Sarah A. Owens, Jessica R. Peters, Danyelle N. Dawson, Susan S. Girdler
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 12 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 June 2018, p. 2100
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Perimenstrual exacerbation of symptoms in borderline personality disorder: evidence from multilevel models and the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System
- Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul, Katja M. Schmalenberger, Sarah A. Owens, Jessica R. Peters, Danyelle N. Dawson, Susan S. Girdler
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 48 / Issue 12 / September 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 May 2018, pp. 2085-2095
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Background
Individuals with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from a constellation of rapidly shifting emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral symptoms. The menstrual cycle may contribute to symptom instability among females with this disorder.
MethodsFifteen healthy, unmedicated females with BPD and without dysmenorrhea reported daily symptoms across 35 days. Urine luteinizing hormone and salivary progesterone (P4) were used to confirm ovulation and cycle phase. Cyclical worsening of symptoms was evaluated using (1) phase contrasts in multilevel models and (2) the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS), a protocol for evaluating clinically significant cycle effects on symptoms.
ResultsMost symptoms demonstrated midluteal worsening, a perimenstrual peak, and resolution of symptoms in the follicular or ovulatory phase. Post-hoc correlations with person-centered progesterone revealed negative correlations with most symptoms. Depressive symptoms showed an unexpected delayed pattern in which baseline levels of symptoms were observed in the ovulatory and midluteal phases, and exacerbations were observed during both the perimenstrual and follicular phases. The majority of participants met C-PASS criteria for clinically significant (⩾30%) symptom exacerbation. All participants met the emotional instability criterion of BPD, and no participant met DSM-5 criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
ConclusionsFemales with BPD may be at elevated risk for perimenstrual worsening of emotional symptoms. Longitudinal studies with fine-grained hormonal measurement as well as hormonal experiments are needed to determine the pathophysiology of perimenstrual exacerbation in BPD.
‘We're not told why – we're just told’: qualitative reflections about the Western Australian Go for 2&5® fruit and vegetable campaign
- Owen BJ Carter, Christina M Pollard, Jenny FP Atkins, Jessica Marie Milliner, Iain S Pratt
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 14 / Issue 6 / June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2010, pp. 982-988
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Objective
To explore why there is a lack of acceptance among Western Australian (WA) adults of the Go for 2&5®fruit and vegetable social marketing message to consume at least five servings of vegetables per day.
DesignA series of focus group discussions comprised of homogeneous groups varied by sex and age, until saturation of themes was achieved, followed by thematic analysis.
SettingPart of qualitative research for the Go for 2&5® fruit and vegetable social marketing campaign in WA (2009 population: 2·2 million).
SubjectsWA adults stratified by sex and age groups (18–29 and 30–55 years) drawn from the second and third quartiles of socio-economic disadvantage.
ResultsFamiliarity with the Go for 2&5® message was excellent. Understanding of what constitutes ‘two servings of fruit’ was excellent and regarded by participants as highly achievable. Understanding of what constitutes ‘five servings of vegetables’ was suboptimal with widespread overestimation contributing to the belief that it is unrealistic. Participants did not know how the 2&5 recommendation was formulated and believed that daily consumption of two servings of fruit and five of vegetables would confer no greater health benefit than one of fruit and three of vegetables. Participants assumed that the 2&5 recommendation was ‘aspirational’ in the sense that it was purposely exaggerated to simply encourage greater overall consumption.
ConclusionsA convincing case needs to be presented to WA adults as to why they should consume five servings of vegetables per day. Continuing efforts to educate incorporating what constitutes a serving will assist perceptions that the recommendation is realistic.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Optical Enhancement by Textured Back Reflector in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Based Solar Cells
- Baojie Yan, Guozhen Yue, Chun-Sheng Jiang, Yanfa Yan, Jessica M. Owens, Jeffrey Yang, Subhendu Guha
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1101 / 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1101-KK13-02
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- 2008
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We present the results of systematic studies of optical enhancements by textured Ag/ZnO back reflectors in a-SiGe:H and nc-Si:H solar cells. First, the back reflector materials were characterized by AFM, XRD, and TEM. The results showed that the ZnO layers deposited by sputtering exhibit an increased surface texture with the deposition temperature and film thickness. The material structure showed a strong (002) preferential orientation. The large columnar crystal structure determines the surface texture. Second, the solar cell performance was correlated to the back reflector structure. We found that with a thin ZnO layer, a textured Ag layer results in more light scattering than a flat Ag layer. However, when a thick ZnO layer is used, a flat Ag layer can produce similar or more light scattering than a textured Ag layer. Third, we developed a method to estimate the optical enhancement for a-SiGe:H and nc-Si:H solar cells on various structures of Ag/ZnO back reflectors. Comparing the quantum efficiency data from solar cells made using the same recipe but one on a flat stainless steel substrate and another on a textured Ag/ZnO BR substrate revealed that the optical enhancement for the long wavelength light can be as high as 20 to 30. Compared to the theoretical value of 4n2, there is still scope for further improvement
Improved Back Reflector for High Efficiency Hydrogenated Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Based Solar Cells
- Baojie Yan, Jessica M. Owens, Chun-Sheng Jiang, Jeffrey Yang, Subhendu Guha
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 862 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, A23.3
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- 2005
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Ag/ZnO back reflectors (BR) on specular stainless steel substrates are optimized for hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) and nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) solar cells. The BRs are deposited using a sputtering method. The texture of the Ag and ZnO layers is controlled by deposition parameters as well as chemical etching with diluted HCl. The surface morphology is investigated by atomic force microscopy. The scattered light intensity from a He-Ne laser, which illuminates the sample surface perpendicularly, is measured at different angles. Finally, a-SiGe:H and nc-Si:H solar cells are deposited on the BR substrates prepared under various conditions. For a-SiGe:H bottom cells, the improved BR with large micro-features leads to an enhanced open-circuit voltage. For the nc-Si:H solar cells, large micro-features on the improved BR eliminate interference fringes otherwise observed in the quantum efficiency measurement and result in high short circuit current density. The result is consistent with an enhanced scattered light intensity. Hence, the cell performance was improved. We also deposited a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/nc-Si:H triple-junction cells on the optimized BR and achieved a high initial active-area efficiency of 14.6%.
Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Deposited Using Modified Very-High-Frequency Glow Discharge and Its Application in Multi-junction Structures
- Guozhen Yue, Baojie Yan, Jessica M. Owens, Jeffrey Yang, Subhendu Guha
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 808 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, A9.43
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- 2004
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We have used the modified very-high-frequency glow discharge technique to deposit hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (m c-Si:H) solar cells at high rates for use as the bottom cell in a multi-junction structure. We have investigated c-Si:H single-junction, a-Si:H/ c-Si:H double-junction, and a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/m c-Si:H triple-junction solar cells and achieved initial active area efficiencies of 7.7%, 12.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. Issues related to improving material properties and device structures are addressed. By taking advantage of a lower degradation in m c-Si:H than a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H alloys, we have minimized the light induced effect in multi-junction structures by designing a bottom-cell-limited current mismatching. As a result, we have obtained a stable active-area cell efficiency of 11.2% with an a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μ c-Si:H triple-junction structure.
Micro-Raman Studies of Mixed-phase Hydrogenated Silicon Solar Cells
- Jessica M. Owens, Daxing Han, Baojie Yan, Jeffrey Yang, Kenneth Lord, Subhendu Guha
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 762 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, A4.5
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- 2003
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The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of mixed-phase hydrogenated silicon solar cells has been found to increase after light soaking. In this study, we use micro-Raman to investigate the heterogeneous structure of solar cells in the amorphous-to-nanocrystalline transition region. For a cell with Voc = 0.981 V, Raman spectra show a typical broad Gaussian lineshape around 480 cm-1, a signature of typical amorphous material. A cell with Voc = 0.674 V displays a sharp Lorentzian peak around 516 cm-1, indicative of nanocrystallinity. A cell with Voc = 0.767 V was systematically scanned for 20 different positions in 500 μm increments. Most spectra show a typical Gaussian lineshape around 480 cm-1, several spectra reveal a hint of a nanocrystalline shoulder around 512 cm-1, and one spectrum exhibits a distinct nanocrystalline peak. We conclude that the nanocrystallite distribution in the mixed-phase material is very non-uniform even within a mm dot. This result provides direct evidence supporting a recently proposed two-diode equivalent-circuit model to explain the light-induced effect.
Characterization of Microcrystalline Transition from Amorphous Silicon as a Function of Hydrogen Dilution and Substrate Temperature of Hot-wire CVD
- Keda Wang, Haoyue Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jessica M. Owens, Jennifer Weinberg-Wolf, Daxing Han, Lynn Gedvilas, Brent Nelson
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 715 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, A17.2
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- 2002
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a-Si:H films were prepared by hot wire chemical vapor deposition. One group was deposited at a substrate temperature of Ts=250°C with varied hydrogen-dilution ratio, 0<R<10; the other group was deposited with fixed R=3 but a varied Ts from 150 to 550°C. IR, Raman and PL spectra were studied. The Raman results indicate that there is a threshold value for the microstructure transition from a- to μc-Si. The threshold is found to be R ≈ 2 at Ts = 250°C and Ts ≈ 200°C at R=3. The IR absorption of Si-H at 640 cm-1 was used to calculate the hydrogen content, CH. CH decreased monotonically when either R or Ts increased. The Si-H stretching mode contains two peaks at 2000 and 2090 cm-1. The ratio of the integral absorption peaks I2090/(I2090+I2090) showed a sudden increase at the threshold of microcrystallinity. At the same threshold, the PL features also indicate a sudden change from a- to μc-Si., i.e. the low energy PL band becomes dominant and the PL total intensity decreases. We attribute the above IR and PL changes to the contribution of microcrystallinity, especially the c-Si gain-boundaries.
Optical Properties of i-Layers as a Function of Growth Rate in Correlation to the Performance of a-Si:H Solar Cells
- Keda Wang, Jessica M. Owens, Jennifer Weinberg-Wolf, Daxing Han, Lynn Gedvilas
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 715 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, A6.4
- Print publication:
- 2002
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a-Si:H intrinsic films and their solar cells were prepared by DC-PECVD with growth rates of 1, 3, and 10 Å/s. Raman, IR, and PL spectroscopies were used to study the i-layer properties in relation to the solar cell performance. Raman shows an identical TO mode for all the samples, which indicates the local silicon-bonding configuration does not change with the growth rate from 1 to 10 Å/s. IR results show that the hydrogen bonding configuration is monohydride (Si-H) dominated, and the hydrogen content obtained from the 630 cm-1 wagging mode is 12-14 at.%. Surprisingly, a very small absorption strength for the stretching 2000-2100 cm-1 mode was found for some samples deposited at the higher growth rates (3, 10 Å/s). For these same samples, the PL spectra exhibit a red shift. Both the IR and PL results might be related to the same microstructures formed at high growth rates. We found that although the properties of the i-layer varied as the growth rate increased from 1 to 10 Å/s, the performances of the cells were comparable (within about 4%).
Effects of Hydrogen Dilution on a-Si:H and its Solar Cells Studied by Raman and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
- Guozhen Yue, Jessica M. Owens, Jennifer Weinberg-Wolf, Daxing Han, Jeffrey Yang, Kenneth Lord, Boajie Yan, Subhendu Guha
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 664 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, A9.7
- Print publication:
- 2001
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a-Si:H films and their n-i-p solar cells were prepared using plasma-enhanced CVD. The samples were prepared with no-, low-, standard, and high-H dilution. Raman and photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterize the i-layer. The main results are (a) Raman shows typical a-Si:H mode except for a c-Si peak in the 450 nm-thick film with high-H dilution, and (b) PL shows two regimes. (I) Below the onset of microcrystallinity characterized by x-ray diffraction, a blue-shift of the 1.4 eV PL peak energy and a decrease of the band width occur. (II) Above the onset of microcrystallinity, the PL efficiency decreases by a factor of 4-5, and the PL peak energy is red-shifted toward 1.2 eV as the μc-Si volume fraction is increased. In addition, the solar cell open circuit voltage shows first an increase and then a decrease, correlating with the PL peak energy position. We conclude that the PL spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for characterizing the gradual amorphous-to-microcrystalline structural transition in thin film solar cells.
Large Red Shift of PL Peak Energy in High Growth Rate a-Si:H Prepared by Hot-Wire CVD
- Daxing Han, Guozhen Yue, Jennifer Weinberg-Wolf, Jessica M. Owens, Yueqin Xu, Qi Wang
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 664 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, A7.4
- Print publication:
- 2001
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We characterized the electronic states and microstructure of high-growth-rate a-Si:H films by employing photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopies. The growth rate was from 50 to 115 Å/s compared to the standard rate of less than 10 Å/s. For the high-growth-rate a-Si:H films, we observed typical a-Si:H features in Raman but new features in PL. The new PL features are: a) the PL peak energy is as low as ∼1.15 eV compared to the standard ∼1.4 eV at 80 K; and b) the total intensity is more than one order of magnitude higher then the standard. We suggest that the nano-scale microstructure may be responsible for the anomalous PL features.