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231 results

Page 1 of 12

  • Measuring Distances in High Dimensional Spaces: Why Average Group Vector Comparisons Exhibit Bias, And What to Do about it

  • Breanna Green, William Hobbs, Sofia Avila, Pedro L. Rodriguez, Arthur Spirling, Brandon M. Stewart
  • Journal:
    Political Analysis / Volume 33 / Issue 3 / July 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 January 2025, pp. 266-273
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  • Analysts often seek to compare representations in high-dimensional space, e.g., embedding vectors of the same word across groups. We show that the distance measures calculated in such cases can exhibit considerable statistical bias, that stems from uncertainty in the estimation of the elements of those vectors. This problem applies to Euclidean distance, cosine similarity, and other similar measures. After illustrating the severity of this problem for text-as-data applications, we provide and validate a bias correction for the squared Euclidean distance. This same correction also substantially reduces bias in ordinary Euclidean distance and cosine similarity estimates, but corrections for these measures are not quite unbiased and are (non-intuitively) bimodal when distances are close to zero. The estimators require obtaining the variance of the latent positions. We (will) implement the estimator in free software, and we offer recommendations for related work.

  • TB or not TB? Development and validation of a clinical decision support system to inform airborne isolation requirements in the evaluation of suspected tuberculosis

  • Caitlin M. Dugdale, Kimon C. Zachary, Rebecca L. Craig, Alexandra Doms, Lindsay Germaine, Chloe V. Green, Eren Gulbas, Rocio M. Hurtado, Emily P. Hyle, Michelle S. Jerry, Jacob E. Lazarus, Stephen Maxfield, Molly Paras, Katherine Swanson, Erica S. Shenoy
  • Journal:
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 46 / Issue 2 / February 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 January 2025, pp. 120-128
    Print publication:
    February 2025
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  • Background:

    The study objective was to develop and validate a clinical decision support system (CDSS) to guide clinicians through the diagnostic evaluation of hospitalized individuals with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in low-prevalence settings.

    Methods:

    The “TBorNotTB” CDSS was developed using a modified Delphi method. The CDSS assigns points based on epidemiologic risk factors, TB history, symptoms, chest imaging, and sputum/bronchoscopy results. Below a set point threshold, airborne isolation precautions are automatically discontinued; otherwise, additional evaluation, including infection control review, is recommended. The model was validated through retrospective application of the CDSS to all individuals hospitalized in the Mass General Brigham system from July 2016 to December 2022 with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB (cases) and equal numbers of age and date of testing-matched controls with three negative respiratory mycobacterial cultures.

    Results:

    104 individuals with TB (cases) and 104 controls were identified. Prior residence in a highly endemic country, positive interferon release assay, weight loss, absence of symptom resolution with treatment for alternative diagnoses, and findings concerning for TB on chest imaging were significant predictors of TB (all P < 0.05). CDSS contents and scoring were refined based on the case–control analysis. The final CDSS demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 27% specificity for TB with an AUC of 0.87.

    Conclusions:

    The TBorNotTB CDSS demonstrated modest specificity and high sensitivity to detect TB even when AFB smears were negative. This CDSS, embedded into the electronic medical record system, could help reduce risks of nosocomial TB transmission, patient-time in airborne isolation, and person-time spent reviewing individuals with suspected TB.

  • 1 - Present but not Accounted For

  • Edited by Lee L. Brice, Western Illinois University, Elizabeth M. Greene, University of Western Ontario
  • Book:
    Women and the Army in the Roman Empire
    Published online:
    24 October 2024
    Print publication:
    07 November 2024, pp 1-20

  • Summary

    Traditional study of Roman military communities has ignored or erased women and their families from daily military life. Archaeological and documentary evidence reveal the inescapable fact that residents of extended military communities interacted inside and outside Roman forts through habitation, commercial endeavors, and social obligations. As a result of having been segregated by historians into external communities women have been acknowledged as existing, but otherwise ignored. Not only have their social and economic contributions been disregarded, but even their identities have been overlooked. This chapter reviews the basic reasons historians have removed women from our conception of life in military contexts and then discusses the evidence for the presence and contributions of military women. The chapter closes with discussion of how the volume is organized. As becomes clear, the presence of women, children, and families within the forts and in the extramural settlements of the Roman army is beyond doubt, thanks to the diligent and sometimes contentious work of scholars over the last thirty years.

  • 2 - Approaches to Women and the Roman Army

  • Edited by Lee L. Brice, Western Illinois University, Elizabeth M. Greene, University of Western Ontario
  • Book:
    Women and the Army in the Roman Empire
    Published online:
    24 October 2024
    Print publication:
    07 November 2024, pp 21-53

  • Summary

    The topic of women in Roman military communities (i.e., military women) did not suddenly appear in the late twentieth century. One could say its emergence is the result of the novel idea that women were present in most aspects of life in the ancient world. Women have been around the military much longer than the general or professional reader might realize. As a topic, military women have not generally been a group to which anyone paid sustained attention until the last decades of the twentieth century. The topic gained interest as social and cultural history became welcome components of historians’ toolboxes and as archaeological fieldwork has yielded new evidence and innovative methodologies have led to updated analyses of old artifacts. This chapter reviews the historiography of the debate over the long duration of Roman studies. In particular, the authors focus on how research into these military women and their families has slowly diversified and grown over the last three decades. The field is strong and growing to provide a more complete understanding of the Roman military.

Women and the Army in the Roman Empire
  • Edited by Lee L. Brice, Elizabeth M. Greene
  • Published online:
    24 October 2024
    Print publication:
    07 November 2024
  • The presence of women in Roman military contexts has been established beyond doubt by scholars in recent decades. Nevertheless, very little sustained attention has been paid to who these women were, how they fit into the fabric of settlements, and what their contributions were to these communities. This volume offers new insights into the associations, activities, and social roles of women in the context of the Roman army, emphasizing the tangible evidence for the lived realities of women and families at different social levels. The various chapters adopt dynamic perspectives and shed new light on archaeological and historical evidence to provide novel conclusions about women's lives in antiquity. Histories of the Roman army can no longer ignore the women who lived and worked in its midst and histories of Roman women must acknowledge their important military role.

  • Global characterization of a laser-generated neutron source

  • D.P. Higginson, R. Lelièvre, L. Vassura, M.M. Gugiu, M. Borghesi, L.A. Bernstein, D. L. Bleuel, B. L. Goldblum, A. Green, F. Hannachi, S. Kar, S. Kisyov, L. Quentin, M. Schroer, M. Tarisien, O. Willi, P. Antici, F. Negoita, A. Allaoua, J. Fuchs
  • Journal:
    Journal of Plasma Physics / Volume 90 / Issue 3 / June 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    03 June 2024, 905900308
    • Article
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  • Laser-driven neutron sources are routinely produced by the interaction of laser-accelerated protons with a converter. They present complementary characteristics to those of conventional accelerator-based neutron sources (e.g. short pulse durations, enabling novel applications like radiography). We present here results from an experiment aimed at performing a global characterization of the neutrons produced using the Titan laser at the Jupiter Laser Facility (Livermore, USA), where protons were accelerated from 23 $\mathrm {\mu }$m thick plastic targets and directed onto a LiF converter to produce neutrons. For this purpose, several diagnostics were used to measure these neutron emissions, such as CR-39, activation foils, time-of-flight detectors and direct measurement of $^7{\rm Be}$ residual activity in the LiF converters. The use of these different, independently operating diagnostics enables comparison of the various measurements performed to provide a robust characterization. These measurements led to a neutron yield of $2.0\times 10^{9}$ neutrons per shot with a modest angular dependence, close to that simulated.

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