Hindsight bias means knowing the outcome may profoundly influence the perception of past events and prevent a realistic appraisal of what actually occurred.

To evaluate the role of hindsight bias on psychiatrists' diagnosis.

A psychiatric vignette was made, and validated by expert psychiatrists in national board of psychiatry. They defined the most probable (Bipolar Mood Disorder) and the least probable diagnosis (Schizoaffective disorder). We designed three types of questionnaire, Type A: the basic vignette with an additional explain that in pervious admission the diagnosis was Schizoaffective disorder, Type B: the basic vignette with a suggestion of Bipolar mood disorder, and Type C: the basic vignette without any suggestion. These three forms were sent out to psychiatrists by randomization and concealment allocation in three groups to evaluate their diagnosis.

Of the 240 psychiatrists included,173 persons responded (response rate 72%).There were 52 persons in group A with Schizoaffective disorder suggestion, 63 in group B with Bipolar mood disorder suggestion and 58 in the control group. There was a significant increase of schizoaffective disorder diagnosis (Pv <0.001) but there was not a significant difference for Bipolar Mood Disorder or any other diagnoses. There was no difference in mean age, sex and duration of clinical practice between groups.

According to this study decision-making in psychiatry may be vulnerable to biases like hindsight bias. Insight via education appears the major means to avoid distorting decision-making processes.

obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder is Approximately 2% of the general population. Recent reports suggest that OCP occurs in mensturum, Pregnancy perperium periods. The aim of study determined of onset OCP in women.

in a retrospective study 53 women out patients with OCP metting DSM-IV criteria For (OCP) completed and asked a questionnaire by interview.

Finding showed the in 88.7%(47)of samples onset o obsessive disorder not in menstruation priod.85.4%(41)of obsessive not onset in pregnancy 51.7%(4) of obsessive samples onset of obsessive in second pregnancy.81.1%onest of OCP not beginning after delivery.28.8%after first pregnancy onset once of OCP.30% after delivery had mental disorders.

the menstrual, pregnancy, post partum may be a periods of risk for development or onset of obsessive compulsive disorder. Midwife clinicians caring for women need to be aware of the impact of these symptoms and attention for mental health in women.

Domestic violence against women (DV) in one of health problems that have 9–15% of burden of diseases in middle aged women and would lead to another health problems such as psychiatric disorders and could increase health services utilization and costs.

To estimate prevalence of DV in married women in Tehran and its relation to health services utilization.

A household survey of 615 married women in 22 city districts of Tehran in 2011 with a cluster sampling method was done. Demographic, knowledge, attitude and experience of DV in last 12 months and during marital life, health services utilization in last 1 and 12 months were collected. Analysis were done by STATA, SPSS and ArcGIS softwares.

We interviewed 615 married women, mean±SE age 42.6±1.1 years and duration of marriage 21.5±0.7 years. Physical and non-physical DV during marital life were 35.1% and 7.2%; respectively and during last 12 months were 18.9% and 35.6%; respectively. Health service utilization during last 1 and 12 months were 2.6 and 7.15 time per person; respectively. Women with non-physical DV utilized more mental health and non-prescribed medicine use (P< 0.05). Women with physical DV had less physician (GP, Specialist) services use (1.8±0.6 vs. 2.3±0.1, respectively, P = 0.045) but similar rate of all services utilization with women without physical DV.

DV victims had higher rates of anxiety and depression that would lead to higher health services utilization among them and may produce at least 250 billion Rials annual cost to health system.

The objective of this study was to assess the nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders of stoma patients in Iran.

The only study that evaluated stoma patients in Iran indicated that postoperative problems, especially psychosocial ones, have a rather high frequency in comparison with other reports, but since no standardized questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of psychosocial problems and their severity, further studies were needed.

In this cross-sectional study, patients referred to the Iranian Ostomy Association from 2005 to 2006 filled the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in Farsi as a screening instrument to identify cases of nonpsychotic psychiatric morbidity.

A total of 155 patients participated in the study, of whom 79 (51%) were female and 76 (49%) were male. Fifty-five percent of the patients (n=86) had psychiatric problems. The females’ mean GHQ score was significantly higher than that of males (P=.001). Psychiatric disorder was significantly more frequent among patients with the following specifications: educational level of high school or lower (P=.001), mucosal hemorrhage of the ostomy (P=.03), stomal stenosis (P=.012), and history of psychiatric drug consumption (P=.000). GHQ score decreased as stoma age increased (P=.032; r=−.177).

Similar to other complications, psychiatric problems are prevalent in Iranian stoma patients. Our findings highlight the need for special support.

To assess the attachment styles in obese patients and to compare it with normal weight individuals.

in a cross-sectional study, 159 patients with obesity referred to obesity clinics, and 183 subjects without obesity were enrolled to complete Hazan and Shaver’s measure of adult attachment, and provided reports regarding height, weight and socio-demographic status.

Prevalence rates for secure, avoidant and preoccupied attachment in obese patients were 66%, 17% and 15%, respectively. Attachment styles showed no significant difference in obese and non-obese individuals (P>0.05). There were significantly lower medical co-morbidities in subjects with secure attachments (P<0.05). In regression models the determinants of higher body mass index were increased age, undergraduate education level, using medications and being housewife as the job.

The findings were supportive of the studies revealed the association of insecure attachment styles and psychosomatic disorders.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder is defined as the inability to understand reality. This disorder previously named as Praecox that these definitions show a lack of understanding of the schizophrenia in community. So by a qualitative study, social deprivation resulted from the labeling of the illness in the families of patients with schizophrenia were examined.

This study is a qualitative content analysis, using in-depth unstructured interviews to collect data from 20 family members of patients with schizophrenia. Gathered data were analyzed using conventional content analysis, the main themes of the interviews were classified as Level 3 codes.

In this study, the researcher coded transcript interviews was merged into 7 main categories of discrimination and ridicule, shame, need support, isolationism, lack of knowledge, stress and low quality of life.

Based on the results, family members of patients with schizophrenia suffer of discrimination and ridicule, need support, shame, and need support, isolationism, and lack of knowledge, stress and low quality of life.

Amphetamine abuse has become a serious health concern worldwide, and this holds also true for Iran.

Investigating psychological and socio-demographic dimensions to predict amphetamine-abuse.

Hundred amphetamine abusers and 100 healthy controls took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic and psychological dimensions.

Compared to healthy controls, amphetamine abusers reported more insecure and ambivalent attachment styles, higher novelty-seeking and risky behaviour, less current social support and stable relationships, and lower emotional competencies. No differences were found for socio-demographic dimensions.

Results from this cross-sectional study underscore that amphetamine abuse was related to poor social relationships, poor emotional competencies and higher risky behaviour. The cross-sectional nature of the study, however, does preclude any conclusions about the causal direction of amphetamine abuse and poor interactional behavior.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The concept of mental toughness has gained increasing importance among non-elite athletes for its psychological importance and explanatory power for a broad range of health-related behaviors. On the flip side, no study has focused so far on the psychological origins of mental toughness. Therefore, the aims of the present study were three-fold: to explore, to what extent psychological profiles of preschoolers at the age of five years predicted mental toughness scores and sleep disturbances at the age of 14 years, and to explore possible gender differences.

Nine years after their first assessment at the age of five years (preschoolers), a total of 77 adolescents (mean age: 14.35 years; SD = 1.22; 42% females) took part in the present follow-up study. At baseline, both parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), covering internalizing and externalizing problems, hyperactivity, negative peer relationships, and prosocial behavior. At follow-up, participants completed a booklet of questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances.

Preschoolers with high prosocial behavior and low internalizing and externalizing problems, as rated by parents and teachers, at the age of 14 years self-reported higher mental toughness and lower sleep disturbances. At the age of 14 years, and relative to their male counterparts, female participants reported lower MT scores and higher sleep disturbances.

The pattern of results suggests that mental toughness traits during adolescence have their origins during pre-school years.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease. Fatigue, depression and cognitive impairments are the most common symptoms of patients with MS. Whereas there is extant research on fatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment of patients with MS during the clinical course, no research focused on the long term changes of psychological functioning, sleep problems, and physical activity on these patients. The aims of the present study were therefore to examine changes in physical activity, sleep disturbances, and mental toughness over a 1.5-year period of time in people with multiple sclerosis after the onset their MS.

A total of 18 patients with diagnosed MS (mean age: M = 33.61 years) took part in this study. They completed a booklet of questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, mental toughness, sleep disturbances, and physical activity, at the onset of disease and 1.5 years later.

In total, 1.5 years after the onset of MS, patients had lower levels of vigorous physical activity, but not statistically significant change in moderate physical activity. Patients with sleep disturbances at the onset of disease had statistically significant sleep disturbances also 1.5 years later.

Compared to the onset of disease, 1.5 years later, patients with MS reported similar mental toughness traits, sleep disturbances and levels of moderate physical activity. The pattern of results of the present pilot study suggests that the onset of MS is not an obstacle for doing moderate physical activity. Based on the result of this study, sleep disturbances remains stable by time.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The concept of the Dark Triad (DT) consists of the dimensions of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy, and has gained increased interest within the last 15 years for its predictive power to explain success in the fields of economy, politics, and professional sport. However, recent research suggests that the associations between DT and behavior are not as uniform as expected.

Investigating the associations between DT traits and vulnerable narcissism, mental toughness, sleep quality, and stress perception.

A total of 720 participants between 18 and 28 years took part in the study. The sample consisted of military cadres in the US (n = 238), Switzerland (n = 220), and of students from the university of Basel (n = 262). Participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering DT traits, mental toughness, vulnerable narcissism, sleep quality, and perceived stress.

Irrespective of the sample, participants scoring high on vulnerable narcissism also reported higher DT traits, lower mental toughness, poor sleep quality, and higher scores on perceived stress.

The present pattern of results suggests a more fine-grained association between DT traits and further behavior, calling into question to what extent DT traits might be a predictor for greater success in the fields of economy, politics or elite sports. Specifically, vulnerable narcissism seems to be key for more unfavourable behavior.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Major depressive disorders (MDD) are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. While there is abundant literature showing that an increased cortisol secretion, understood as a proxy of the deteriorated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity (HPA AA), and poor cognitive performance are tightly related, less is known as regards to the HPA AA and higher cognitive information processes such as problem solving.

Investigating the association between cortisol secretion and problem solving performance among patients with MDD.

Fifteen inpatients with MDD (HDRS > 24; mean age: 59 years; 80% females) underwent a pharmacologic HPA AA challenge both at baseline and six weeks later to assess the cortisol secretion. They were treated with standard antidepressants at therapeutic dosages. Further, they learned how to solve the Tower-of-Hanoi problem-solving task (ToH-PS-T) and how to apply the problem solving strategy to other tasks (transfer). Testing occurred both at baseline and six weeks later. Outcome variables were symptoms of depression, cortisol secretion and the performance to transfer the acquired ToH-PS-T.

Both symptoms of depression and cortisol secretion decreased over time, and transfer performance increased over time. Neither at baseline nor six weeks later, symptoms of depression, transfer performance and cortisol secretion were statistically related.

The pattern of results suggests that cortisol secretion as a proxy of physiological stress regulation, symptoms of depression, and higher order cognitive performances seem unrelated. Given that cognitive information processing performance substantively increased regardless from depression and cortisol secretion, problem-solving skills need to be focused separately.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Patients with severe opioid dependency might be treated with methadone, a pure μ-opioid-receptor, with promising results. Though, as for opioids, side effects are high, and among those, sexual dysfunction is among the most disturbing side effects.

Investigating the influence of Rosa Damascena oil to improve sexual dysfunction among male methadone users.

A total of 60 male patients (mean age: 30 years) with diagnosed opioid dependence and currently under treatment of methadone were randomly assigned either to the verum (Rosa Damascenca oil drops) or placebo condition. At baseline, and four and eight weeks later, patients completed self-rating questionnaires covering sexual dysfunction and happiness.

Over time sexual dysfunction decreased and happiness increased in the verum, but not in the placebo condition.

Results from this double blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual dysfunction and happiness among male opioid addicts while under substitution treatment with methadone.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.