The intense extreme ultraviolet radiation heats the upper atmosphere of close-in exoplanets and drives the atmospheric escape. The escaping process determines the planetary evolution of close-in planets. The mass loss rate depends on the UV flux at the planet. We introduce the relevant physical quantities which describe the dominant physics in the atmosphere. We find that the equilibrium temperature and the characteristic temperature determine whether the system becomes energy-limited or recombination-limited. We classify the observed close-in planets using the physical conditions. We also find that many of the Lyman-α absorptions detected planets receive intenser flux than the critical flux which can be determined from physical conditions. Our classification method can quantitatively reveal whether the EUV is not strong enough to drive the outflow or the Lyman- α absorption is not detected for some reason (e.g. stellar wind confinement). We also discuss the thermo-chemical structure of hydrodynamic simulations with the relevant physics.

Transit observations have revealed the existence of atmospheric escape in several hot Jupiters. High energy photons from the host star heat the upper atmosphere and drive the hydrodynamic escape. The escaping atmosphere can interact with the stellar wind from the host star. We run radiation hydrodynamics simulations with non-equilibrium chemistry to investigate the wind effects on the escape and the transit signature. Our simulations follow the planetary outflow driven by the photoionization heating and the wind interaction in a dynamically coupled, self-consistent manner. We show that the planetary mass-loss rate is almost independent of the wind strength, which however affects the Ly-α transit depth considerably. But the Hα transit depth is almost independent of the wind strength because it is largely caused by the lower hot layer. We argue that observations of both lines can solve the degeneracy between the EUV flux from the host and the wind strength.

Photoelectric effect of dust grains by UV radiation is an important process for disk heating, but as a disk evolves, the amount of dust grains decreases. Photoeaporation is a disk dispersal process, which is caused by high-energy radiation. We perform a set of photoevaporation simulations solving hydrodynamics with radiative transfer and non-equilibrium chemistry in a self-consistent way. We run a series of simulations with varying the dust-to-gas mass ratio in a range . We show that H2 pumping and X-ray heating mainly contribute to the disk heating in case of and photoelectric effect mainly heats the gas in cases. The mass-loss profile changes significantly with respect to the main heating process. The outer disk is more efficiently dispersed when photoelectric effect is the main heating source.

During the recombination of the universe, supersonic relative motion between baryons and dark matter (DM) generally existed. In the presence of such streaming motions, gas clumps can collapse outside of virial radii of their closest dark matter halos. Such baryon dominant objects are thought to be self-gravitating and are called supersonically induced gas objects; SIGOs. We perform three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations by including H2 chemical reactions and stream velocity and follow SIGO’s formation from z = 200 to z = 25. SIGOs can be formed under the influence of stream velocity, and cooling is effective in contracting gas clouds. We follow its further evolution with higher resolution. We find that there are SIGOs which become Jeans unstable outside of the virial radius of the closest DM halos. Those SIGOs are gravitationally unstable and trigger star formation.

We calculate the spectral energy distribution of the first galaxies which contain pre-main-sequence stars by using the stellar evolution code Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics, the spectra model BT-Settl, and the stellar population synthesis code PEGASE. We calculate the galaxy spectral energy distribution for Salpeter Initial Mass Function. We find that very young first galaxies are bright also in mid-infrared, and the contribution of pre-main-sequence stars can be significant over 0.1 Myr after a star-formation episode.

In recent years, the discovery of massive quasars at $z\sim7$ has provided a striking challenge to our understanding of the origin and growth of supermassive black holes in the early Universe. Mounting observational and theoretical evidence indicates the viability of massive seeds, formed by the collapse of supermassive stars, as a progenitor model for such early, massive accreting black holes. Although considerable progress has been made in our theoretical understanding, many questions remain regarding how (and how often) such objects may form, how they live and die, and how next generation observatories may yield new insight into the origin of these primordial titans. This review focusses on our present understanding of this remarkable formation scenario, based on the discussions held at the Monash Prato Centre from November 20 to 24, 2017, during the workshop ‘Titans of the Early Universe: The Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes’.

We study runaway stellar collisions in primordial star clusters and formation of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs). Using cosmological simulations, we identify eight atomic-cooling halos in which the star clusters form. We follow stellar and dark matter (DM) dynamics for 3Myr using hybrid N-body simulations. We find that the runaway stellar collisions occur in all star clusters and IMBHs with masses ∼400–1900M⊙ form. Performing additional N-body simulations, we explore evolutions of the IMBHs in the star clusters for 15 Myr. The IMBH masses grow via stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) to ∼700–2500 M⊙. The TDE rates are ∼0.3–1.3 Myr−1. DM motions affect the star cluster evolutions and reduce the TDE rates. The IMBHs may subsequently grow to SMBHs by gas supply through galaxy mergers or large-scale gas inflows, or they may remain within or around the clusters.

Electronic structures of single crystal pentacene are of great interest for the elucidation of charge carrier transport in organic semiconductor materials. Experimental observation of valence band dispersion was recently achieved on single crystal samples of pentacene; however, its intrinsic properties are still unresolved because past experiments were performed on specimens with surface oxides formed by exposure to the ambient atmosphere. In this work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and angle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (ARUPS) were conducted on single-crystal pentacene samples prepared without ambient exposure. The XPS results confirmed the reduction of the abundance of oxide impurities on the present samples. The ARUPS measurements clearly resolved the valence band structures of the single-crystal pentacene in four symmetry directions of the surface Brillouin zone, indicating anisotropy of at least a factor of 2.4 for the intermolecular transfer integral and hole effective mass at the valence band maximum.

Cosmic reionization is thought to be initiated by the first generation of stars and blackholes. We review recent progress in theoretical studies of early structure formation. Cosmic structure formation is driven by gravitational instability of primeval density fluctuations left over from Big Bang. At early epochs, there are baryonic streaming motions with significant relative velocity with respect to dark matter. The formation of primordial gas clouds is typically delayed by the streaming motions, but then physical conditions for the so-called direct collapse blackhole formation are realized in proto-galactic halos. We present a promising model in which intermediate mass blackholes are formed as early as z = 30.

Molecular dynamics simulations of compression deformation of $\left[ {11\bar 20} \right]$ -textured 2-dimensional polycrystalline pure Mg, Mg–0.1 at.%Al, and Mg–1.0 at.%Al models were performed at 5 and 300 K. A $\left\{ {10\bar 11} \right\}$ twin nucleated before formation of a $\left\{ {10\bar 12} \right\}$ twin in the simulations at 5 K, while a $\left\{ {10\bar 11} \right\}$ twin nucleated after formation of a $\left\{ {10\bar 12} \right\}$ twin in the simulations at 300 K. The formation of a $\left\{ {10\bar 11} \right\}$ twin was the result of the glide of pyramidal 〈c + a〉 partial dislocations of ${1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 6}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 6}\left\{ {10\bar 11} \right\}\left[ {\bar 2023} \right]$ . $\left\{ {10\bar 11} \right\}$ twin formation was suppressed at the sites around the Al atoms because the strong Mg–Al bond suppresses atomic shuffling. However, formation was not suppressed at the sites away from the Al atoms because the effect of strong Mg–Al bond is short range. On the other hand, because $\left\{ {10\bar 12} \right\}$ twinning requires the simultaneous glide of zonal dislocations, Al inevitably suppressed $\left\{ {10\bar 12} \right\}$ twinning.

A novel wireless sensor network system with compatibility of microwave power transmission (MPT) using a Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifier has been fabricated and tested. The sensor node operates using electrical power supplied by the MPT system. Time- and frequency-division operations are proposed for the compatibility. Under the frequency-division operation, receiving signal strength indicator of −85 dBm and packet error rate of <1% were measured when the available DC power of a rectifier with 160 mW output power. Under 120-min measurement, sustainable power balance between radio-frequency–DC conversion and power consumption in stable operation of the sensor node was achieved.

Origins of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) discovered by recent SN surveys are still not known well. One idea to explain the huge luminosity is the collision of dense CSM and SN ejecta. If SN ejecta is surrounded by dense CSM, the kinetic energy of SN ejecta is efficiently converted to radiation energy, making them very bright. To see how well this idea works quantitatively, we performed numerical simulations of collisions of SN ejecta and dense CSM by using one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA and obtained light curves (LCs) resulting from the collision. First, we show the results of our LC modeling of SLSN 2006gy. We find that physical parameters of dense CSM estimated by using the idea of shock breakout in dense CSM (e.g., Chevalier & Irwin 2011, Moriya & Tominaga 2012) can explain the LC properties of SN 2006gy well. The dense CSM's radius is about 1016 cm and its mass about 15 M⊙. It should be ejected within a few decades before the explosion of the progenitor. We also discuss how LCs change with different CSM and SN ejecta properties and origins of the diversity of H-rich SLSNe. This can potentially be a probe to see diversities in mass-loss properties of the progenitors. Finally, we also discuss a possible signature of SN ejecta-CSM interaction which can be found in H-poor SLSN.

The physicochemical properties of glyme-Li[FSA] (FSA: bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) equimolar complexes were investigated. The self-diffusion coefficients of glymes and Li+ as determined by pulsed-field gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in equimolar complexes were almost identical, suggesting that all of the glyme molecules coordinated with Li+. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the oxidative stability of glyme molecules was enhanced by complexing with Li+. Using [Li(glyme)1][FSA] electrolytes and a LiFePO4cathode, a lithium secondary battery could be stably operated for more than 100 cycles at room temperature.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are unique probes of the first generation (Pop III) stars. We show that a relativistic gamma-ray burst (GRB) jet can potentially pierce the envelope of a very massive Pop III star even if the Pop III star has a supergiant hydrogen envelope without mass loss, thanks to the long-lived powerful accretion of the envelope itself. While the Pop III GRB is estimated to be energetic (Eγ,iso ~ 1055 erg), the supergiant envelope hides the initial bright phase in the cocoon component, leading to a GRB with a long duration ~1000 (1 + z) s and an ordinary isotropic luminosity ~ 1052 erg s−1 (~ 10−9 erg cm−2 s−1 at redshift z ~ 20), although these quantities are found to be sensitive to the core and envelope mass. We also show that Pop III.2 GRBs (which are primordial but affected by radiation from other stars) occur >100 times more frequently than Pop III.1 GRBs, and thus should be suitable targets for future X-ray and radio missions. The radio transient surveys are already constraining the Pop III GRB rate and promising in the future.

We studied the formation process of star clusters using high-resolution N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of colliding galaxies. The total number of particles is 1.2×108 for our high resolution run. The gravitational softening is 5 pc and we allow gas to cool down to ~10 K. During the first encounter of the collision, a giant filament consists of cold and dense gas found between the progenitors by shock compression. A vigorous starburst took place in the filament, resulting in the formation of star clusters. The mass of these star clusters ranges from 105−8M⊙. These star clusters formed hierarchically: at first small star clusters formed, and then they merged via gravity, resulting in larger star clusters.

Our preliminary clinical trial showed that consumption of cooked rice of a Japanese common cultivar Yukihikari improved atopic dermatitis associated with a suspected rice allergy, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesised that the ameliorating effect of Yukihikari on atopic dermatitis is associated with the gut microbiota. BALB/c mice were fed a synthetic diet supplemented with uncooked and polished white rice powder prepared from one of four different cultivars: Yukihikari, rice A (common rice), rice B (brewery rice) and rice C (waxy rice). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments showed that the composition of faecal microbiota was different between mice fed Yukihikari and those fed rice A. Analysis of the 16S rRNA clone library and species-specific real-time PCR showed that the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin degrader, tended to be lower in mice fed Yukihikari. The incidence of allergic diarrhoea induced by oral administration of ovalbumin in systemically immunised mice was lower in mice fed Yukihikari, albeit with no difference in serum antibodies specific to ovalbumin. In a separate experiment, serum antibody levels specific to orally administered ovalbumin were lower in mice fed Yukihikari. Additionally, the translocation of horseradish peroxidase in isolated segments of ileum and colon tended to be lower in mice fed Yukihikari, suggesting a reduction in gut permeability in mice fed Yukihikari. These data indicate that changes in the gut microbiota of mice fed Yukihikari could be advantageous in the prevention of food allergy.

We study the formation of primordial proto-stars in a ΛCDM universe using ultra high-resolution cosmological simulations. Our approach includes all the relevant atomic and molecular physics to follow the thermal evolution of a prestellar gas cloud to “stellar” densities. We describe the numerical implementation of the physics. We also show the result of a simulation of the formation of primordial stars in a reionized gas.

The first phase of stellar evolution in the history of the universe may be Dark Stars, powered by dark matter heating rather than by fusion. Weakly interacting massive particles, which are their own antiparticles, can annihilate and provide an important heat source for the first stars in the the universe. This talk presents the story of these Dark Stars. We make predictions that the first stars are very massive (~800M⊙), cool (6000 K), bright (~106L⊙), long-lived (~106 years), and probable precursors to (otherwise unexplained) supermassive black holes. Later, once the initial DM fuel runs out and fusion sets in, DM annihilation can predominate again if the scattering cross section is strong enough, so that a Dark Star is born again.

We present a phenomenological model to predict the clustering of dark matter halos on the light-cone. The model is constructed by combining several existing theoretical models. We test our model against the Hubble Volume N-body simulation and examine its validity. A good agreement is found in two-point correlation functions of dark matter halos between our model predictions and measurements from the simulation. The model is quite general and thus can be applied to a wider range of astrophysical objects, such as galaxies and quasars.