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1) To hear directly from women suffering from PMDD about their lived experiences of PMDD and the impacts that it has on their daily lives.
2) To raise awareness about the impacts that PMDD can have on patients' quality of life, relationships, and productivity, to improve clinicians’ understanding of patients' needs.
3) To identify a gap in research into PMDD within the UK and highlight the need for further research.
4) To improve awareness of PMDD amongst diverse stakeholders, including women who are not yet diagnosed with PMDD, employers, and policymakers.
Methods
Participants were recruited from the UK's PMDD Patient Insight Group and screened using the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST) for PMDD. Eligible participants were purposively sampled, and 15 participants were invited to a semi-structured scheduled interview on Zoom. Interviews were transcribed using NVivo transcription software, and inductively analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in NVivo 14.
Results
Thirteen subthemes were identified and organised around four main themes: Theme 1: ‘Jekyll and Hyde’, Life with PMDD, Theme 2: ‘The Aftermath’, The Impact of Living with PMDD, Theme 3: ‘Surviving PMDD’, Coping Strategies, and Theme 4: ‘Seeking Treatment’, Experiences with Healthcare. The themes identified in this study highlight the negative experiences of women living with debilitating symptoms that appear during the luteal phase and disappear following the onset of menstruation. Themes also capture the immense burden PMDD places on a sufferer by uncovering how exactly these symptoms affect interpersonal relationships, career progression, quality of education received, and relationship with oneself. Theme 4 focuses on women's negative experiences with healthcare stemming from a lack of awareness of PMDD in the medical community.
Conclusion
The findings of this study highlight the critical importance of understanding the contextualized experiences of women living with PMDD in the UK and bringing to light the immense monthly burden sufferers face. To prevent women and Assigned Female At Birth (AFAB) individuals from experiencing severe and prolonged psychological distress which can have fatal consequences, there needs to be greater understanding and awareness of PMDD in both medical and lay communities. In addition to this, clinicians must be trained in PMDD assessment and research should be encouraged to introduce new treatments and to implement policies that minimize the burden of PMDD in the workplace.
To investigate perceptions of iTaukei Fijian women and men around diet and the ability to consume a healthy diet.
Design:
Six focus groups were conducted with women and men separately. Six to ten women and men participated in each group. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, translated and thematically analysed. Themes were mapped to an intersectionality framework to aid interpretation.
Setting:
Four villages in Viti Levu, Fiji.
Participants:
Twenty-two women and twenty-four men.
Results:
Seven overarching themes were identified, including generational changes in food behaviour, strong-gendered beliefs around food and food provision, cultural and religious obligations around food, the impact of environmental change on the ability to consume a healthy diet, perceptions of the importance of food, food preferences and knowledge. Participants across focus groups identified that it was the ‘duty’ of women to prepare food for their families. However, some women reflected on this responsibility being unbalanced with many women now in the formal workforce. Changes between generations in food preferences and practices were highlighted, with a perception that previous generations were healthier. Power dynamics and external factors, such as environmental changes, were identified by women and men as crucial influences on their ability to eat a healthy diet.
Conclusion:
Embedded traditional perceptions of gendered roles related to nutrition were misaligned with other societal and environmental changes. Given factors other than gender, such as broader power dynamics and environmental factors were identified as influencing diet, viewing nutrition-related issues through an intersectional lens is important to inform equitable food policy in Fiji.
Edited by
Frederick P. Rivara, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle,Peter Cummings, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle,Thomas D. Koepsell, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle,David C. Grossman, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle,Ronald V. Maier, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle
Rates can account for population size and time intervals. To generate a rate, the population from which the counts arose must be defined. Population size is a common choice for a denominator. Many geopolitical regions, such as cities or countries, create estimates of the population during a given year. Cumulative incidence is commonly used when the entire population from which the incident cases arise can be counted and followed to the conclusion of the observation period. Proportional incidence or proportional mortality is sometimes used when an accurate denominator is not available. A more formal statistical test of a difference in two proportions is the chi-squared test; large sample and exact methods are available in virtually any statistical package. To compare the rates of injury in two or more regions, or between time periods, it is sometimes desirable to adjust for other factors, which may confound the comparison.
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