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  • Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety: exploring validity with robust measures of classical theory parameters and a rating scale model in university students

  • Md Dilshad Manzar, Faizan Z. Kashoo, Mohammed Salahuddin, Dejene Nureye, Habtamu Acho Addo, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Amir H. Pakpour, Ahmed S. Bahammam
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 11 / Issue 5 / September 2025
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 August 2025, e176
    • Article
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  • Background

    No research has assessed Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA) psychometric properties in Ethiopian university students, using item response theory (IRT) and classical theory.

    Aims

    This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of the English HRSA in Ethiopian students, using IRT and classical theory.

    Method

    University students (N = 370, age 21.44 ± 2.30 years) in Ethiopia participated in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed a self-reported measure of anxiety, a sociodemographics tool and interviewer-administered HRSA.

    Results

    Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) favoured a one-factor structure because fit indices for the one-factor model; and two distinct two-factor models were similar, but high interfactor correlations violated discriminant validity criteria in two-factor models. This one-factor structure showed structural invariance as evidenced by multi-group CFA across gender groups. No ceiling/floor effects were seen for the HRSA total scores. Infit and outfit mean square values for all the items were within the acceptable range (0.6–1.4). Four threshold estimates (τi1, τi2, τi3 and τi4) for each item were ordered as expected. Differential item functions showed item-level measurement invariance for all the 14 HRSA items across gender for both uniform and non-uniform estimates. McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α for the HRSA tool were both 0.88. The convergent validity of the interviewer-administered HRSA with self-reported anxiety subscale of the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale was weak to moderate.

    Conclusions

    The findings favour the validity of a one-factor structure of the HRSA with adequate item properties (classical and rating scale model), convergent validity, reliability and measurement invariance (structural and item level) across gender groups in Ethiopian university students.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
  • Regulation and Function
  • Edited by Birendra N. Mallick, S. R. Pandi-Perumal , Robert W. McCarley, Adrian R. Morrison
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    14 July 2011
  • Spanning over half a century of investigation into Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, this volume provides comprehensive coverage of a broad range of topics in REM sleep biology. World renowned researchers and experts are brought together to discuss past and current research and to set the foundation for future developments. Key topics are covered in six sections from fundamental topics (historical context and general biology) to cutting-edge research on neuronal regulation, neuroanatomy and neurochemistry, functional significance and disturbance in the REM sleep generating mechanism. A reference source for all aspects of REM sleep research, it also incorporates chapters on neural modelling, findings from non-human species and interactions between brain regions. This is an invaluable resource, essential reading for all involved in sleep research and clinical practice.

  • Preface

  • Edited by Birendra N. Mallick, Jawaharlal Nehru University, S. R. Pandi-Perumal , Robert W. McCarley, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Adrian R. Morrison, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
    Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    14 July 2011, pp xv-xvi

  • Summary

    Preface

    Since the publication of the first edition of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (Mallick and Inoue, 1999), the advances in the field of sleep research have been phenomenal; in particular, those concerning rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The emphasis on REM sleep may be gauged by the fact that recently a conference exclusively devoted to this subject was organized in France to celebrate 50 years since the discovery of REM sleep as well as to honor Professor Michel Jouvet, a pioneer and one of the doyens in this field.

Sleep and Mental Illness
  • Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer
  • Published online:
    05 July 2011
    Print publication:
    01 April 2010
  • The diagnosis of mental illness is frequently accompanied by sleep problems; conversely, people experiencing sleep problems may subsequently develop mental illness. Sleep and Mental Illness looks at this close correlation and considers the implications of research findings that have emerged in the last few years. Additionally, it surveys the essential concepts and practical tools required to deal with sleep and co-morbid psychiatric problems. The volume is divided into three main sections: basic science, neuroendocrinology, and clinical science. Included are over 30 chapters on topics such as neuropharmacology, insomnia, depression, dementia, autism, and schizophrenia. Relevant questionnaires for the assessment of sleep disorders, including quality-of-life measurement tools, are provided. There is also a summary table of drugs for treating sleep disorders. This interdisciplinary text will be of interest to clinicians working in psychiatry, behavioral sleep medicine, neurology, pulmonary and critical care medicine.

Principles and Practice of Geriatric Sleep Medicine
  • Edited by S. R. Pandi-Perumal, Jaime M. Monti, Andrew A. Monjan
  • Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    26 November 2009
  • Sleep disorders cause considerable morbidity and distress in the aging population. By highlighting the clinical diagnosis and management of sleep disorders, this volume provides a valuable resource for all those involved in health care of older individuals. The changes in sleep patterns that occur during normal aging are described, followed by authoritative chapters on the presentation of various age-related sleep disorders. The book deals with the range of therapeutic measures available for managing these disorders and gives insight to potential areas of research that have emerged in the last few years, such as the study of circadian rhythms in later life, sleep patterns associated with co-morbidities and the use of quality-of-life measurement tools to determine sleep quality as we age. This volume is relevant to sleep disorders specialists, psychiatrists, geriatricians and gerontologists, and any professionals and researchers working in the interdisciplinary areas of sleep and aging.

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