The deepest recorded depth for trematodes currently stands at approximately 6200 m. This depth record was achieved solely through sequence datasets of Lepidapedon sp. obtained from a gastropod. Given that trematodes of this genus typically use fish as definitive hosts, the origin of the trematode sequence was thought to be larval stages. However, the specific species remained unclear owing to the absence of reported adult-stage sequences. In the present study, we definitively identified the deepest trematode as Lepidapedon oregonense by comparing 28S ribosomal DNA sequences from adult worms from the macrourid fish Coelorinchus gilberti with data from the gastropod in the previous study.

Although wind and tidal turbines operate in turbulent shear flow, most theoretical results concerning turbine performance, such as the well-known Betz limit, assume the upstream velocity profile is uniform. To improve on these existing results we extend the classical actuator disc model in this paper to investigate the performance of an ideal turbine in steady, inviscid shear flow. The model is developed on the assumption that there is negligible lateral interaction in the flow passing through the disc and that the actuator applies a uniform resistance across its area. With these assumptions, solution of the model leads to two key results. First, for laterally unbounded shear flow, it is shown that the normalised power extracted is the same as that for an ideal turbine in uniform flow, if the average of the cube of the upstream velocity of the fluid passing through the turbine is used in the normalisation. Second, for a laterally bounded shear flow, it is shown that the same normalisation can be applied, but allowance must also be made for the fact that non-uniform flow bypassing the turbine alters the background pressure gradient and, in turn, the turbines ‘effective blockage’ (so that it may be greater or less than the geometric blockage, defined as the ratio of turbine disc area to cross-sectional area of the flow). Predictions based on the extended model agree well with numerical simulations approximating the incompressible Euler equations. The model may be used to improve interpretation of model-scale results for wind and tidal turbines in tunnels/flumes, to investigate the variation in force across a turbine and to update existing theoretical models of arrays of tidal turbines.

In this paper we extend linear momentum actuator disc theory to consider two rows of tidal turbines placed in a centred or staggered arrangement. The extensions assume a streamwise spacing between rows that is sufficient for pressure equalization, but is not too large for significant mixing of the upstream turbine wake before the second row. We first consider a given number of turbines in a tidal channel; in this case the average power for a staggered arrangement over two rows is found to be higher than that for a centred arrangement, but lower than can be obtained by placing all turbines side-by-side in one row (if all turbines have the same local resistance). Furthermore, staggered arrangements extract power more efficiently than centred arrangements, but less efficiently than a single row with the same number of turbines, and this has implications for ranking different arrangements of tidal turbines. We also use the extended actuator disc models (together with an argument of scale separation) to consider some example arrangements of tidal turbines in laterally unconfined flow. Specifically, it is shown that locally staggering a fixed number of turbines in an array to form a tidal farm generates less power than placing the same number of turbines side-by-side. However, if more than one row of turbines is adopted (perhaps to keep the farm spatially compact) then the optimum turbine spacing within a row increases significantly with addition of a second row. This trend suggests that multi-row tidal turbine farms would require wide turbine spacing within each row to maximize the power per turbine, similarly to existing offshore wind farms.

High-velocity compact clouds (HVCCs) are a population of molecular clouds which have compact appearance (d < 10 pc) and large velocity width (Δ V > 50 km s−1), and are found in the central molecular zone of our Galaxy. We performed a 3 mm band line survey toward CO−0.40−0.22, a spatially unresolved HVCC with an extremely large velocity width (Δ V ≃ 90 km s−1), using the Mopra 22 m telescope. We surveyed the frequency range between 76 GHz and 116 GHz with a 0.27 MHz frequency resolution. We detect at least 54 lines from 32 molecules. Many line profiles show a prominent peak at vLSR ∼ 70 km s−1 with very large velocity width, indicating they are emitted by the HVCC. Detections of largish molecules are indicative of non-equilibrium chemistry. We extracted some prominent lines based on velocity structure, intensity ratios, and PCA analyses. Shock diagnostic lines (SiO, SO, CH3OH, HNCO) and dense gas probes (HCN, HCO+) appear to be prominent. Excitation analysis of CH3OH lines show an enhancement in Trot in the negative high-velocity end of the profile. These results suggest that CO−0.40−0.22 has experienced a shock, acceleration, compression, and heating in the recent past.

It is difficult to get a real scale image of the solar system through lecture. A scale model is a classical and one of good solutions (e.g. Handa et al.2003, Handa et al.2008). Through this model, people living in or visiting to the city can physically understand the scale of the solar system. This scale gives 1 cm for Earth's diameter and 115 m for 1 AU. However, some gadget is required to make it attractive for public citizens.

We demonstrated high-resolution element-specific diffraction microscopy using a hard X-ray beam focused by Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors. Coherent diffraction patterns of an Au/Ag nanoparticle were measured at incident X-ray energies around the Au LIII absorption edge. By calculating the difference between the intensities of reconstructed images obtained at different energies, an image of the Au element could be derived. From the difference image, it was suggested that the replacement reaction progresses from the corners of Ag cubic particle.

A 2-dimensional Doppler coronagraph “NOGIS” (NOrikura Green-line Imaging System) at the Norikura Solar Observatory, NAOJ, is a unique imaging system that can provide both intensity and Doppler velocity of 2 MK plasma from the green coronal line emission $\lambda$5303 Å of Fe xiv. We present the first detection of a CME onset by NOGIS. The event was originally induced by a C9.1 confined flare that occurred on 2003 June 1 at an active region NOAA $\#$10365 near the limb. This flare triggered a filament eruption in AR 10365, which later evolved into a partial halo CME as well as an M6.5 flare at the same AR 10365 on 2003 June 2. The CME originated in a complex of two neighboring magnetic flux systems across the solar equator: AR 10365 and a bundle of face-on tall coronal loops. NOGIS observed i) a density enhancement in between the two flux systems in the early phase, ii) a blue-shifted bubble and jet that later appeared as (a part of) the CME, and iii) a red-shifted wave that triggered a periodic fluctuations in Doppler shifts in the face-on loops. These features are crucial to understand unsolved problems on a CME initiation (e.g., mass supply, magnetic configuration, and trigger mechanism) and on coronal loop oscillations (e.g., trigger and damping mechanisms). We stress a possibility that interaction between separatrices of the two flux systems played a key role on our event.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html

Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is a suitable semiconductor material for high temperature, high power and high frequency electronic devices, because of its wide bandgap, high electron mobility and high saturated electron drift velocity. The usage of Si substrates has the advantage of large area substrates for the growth of 3C-SiC layers. However, large lattice mismatch between 3C-SiC and Si (>20%) has caused the generation of defects such as misfit dislocations, twins, stacking faults and threading dislocations at the SiC/Si interface. Lateral epitaxial overgrowth (ELOG) of 3C-SiC on Si substrates using SiO2 has been reported to reduce the defect density. In this report, epitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on T-shape patterned (100) Si substrates has been investigated to reduce interfacial defects.

In May 1998, Muroran Works installed a near-net shape casting and compact high reduction (NCR) process in its steelmaking plant. The No.3 continuous casting machine was rearranged to cast middle cross section blooms, and a reheating furnace and a 2-passes high reduction breakdown mill were newly equipped. No.3 CCM casts square 220 mm mould size blooms and the breakdown mill reduces their cross section to square 162 mm. This combined process improved the quality of the cast billets and achieved high productivity.

Sublimation growth of 6H-SiC was performed on {1100} and {1120} substrates. The difference between the growth on {1100} plane and {1120} plane was observed. {1100} facet was almost flat and there were grooves oriented toward <1120> direction. The step bunching was observed on {1100} plane 5° off-axis. A lot of pits were introduced on {1120} plane of the crystal grown both on {1100} and {1120} substrates. Step flow growth toward <1120> direction created the pits on {1120} plane. It was important to grow crystal by layer by layer growth on {1120} plane. By changing the growth mode from step flow growth to layer by layer growth, pit on the {1120} plane may be reduced as same as CVD growth on {1120} plane. Growth temperature and C/Si ratio should be optimized to keep layer by layer growth.

In order to elucidate temporal changes in airway reflex responses to prolonged tracheal intubation, 14 patients anaesthetized with sevoflurane were studied. In each spontaneously breathing patient with an endotracheal tube in place, the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was slowly decreased from the initial value of 1.3% until signs of airway irritation were observed. The value of end-tidal sevoflurane concentration at which the airway reflexes occurred (Tar)and the types of airway reflex response elicited at onset of airway reflex response were determined during the periods immediately before (presurgical period) and after surgery (post-surgical period), with an interval ranging from 2 to 7 h between the two periods. There was no significant difference in the values of Tar between the presurgical period(0.6±0.3%, mean±SD) and the post-surgical period(0.7±0.1%). There was a considerable difference in the type of airway reflexes elicited during the two different periods; the initial responses during the presurgical period were the apnoeic reflex and/or forceful expiratory efforts, whereas the initial response during the post-surgical period, in the majority of patients, was the swallowing reflex. Our results indicate that there may be adaptation mechanisms responsible for temporal changes in airway protective reflexes after prolonged endotracheal intubation in surgical patients.

The changes in the valence electron states of CaSi2 during the chemical reaction with H2O have been investigated by Auger Valence Electron Spectroscopy (AVES). In order to study the reaction process, the reaction was precisely controlled by applying dc voltage between Pt electrode and CaSi2 specimen. The Si[2s, 2p,V] Auger spectra of CaSi2 specimen remain unchanged under the applied voltage lower than −15 V relative to the Pt electrode in H2O. At higher applied voltage, 3p components of Si[2s, 2p, V] (V = 3s, 3p) Auger spectra get weak while the 3s components increase drastically. The peak position due to Ca[2p, 3p, 3p] transitions gradually shifted toward the lower energy side by raising the applied voltage. The peak shift is due to the formation of Ca–O bonds in CaSi2. A new peak, which arises from the split of the valence electron states in Ca atoms due to the Ca–O bonds, appeared in Ca[2p, 3p,V] Auger spectra for CaSi2 after the reaction with H2O.

Fluorocarbon/silicon oxide composite thin films were prepared, expecting higher thermal stability, by mixing hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO, (CH 3) 3-Si-O-Si-(CH 3)3) with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE, CF2=CF2) using an RF( 13.56 MHz) PE-CVD method for the purpose of application to low-k IMDs. Structure of the deposited films was investigated by XPS and FT-IR. Film composition can be changed gradually from fluorinated carbon to organic siloxane by changing the HMDSO mixing ratio. The films possessed dielectric constants less than 2.5 for HMDSO mixing ratios less than 10%. Thermal treatment of the films revealed that C-Fn, Si-O-Si, Si-(CH3)n and Si-(CH2)n-Si bonds were stable to 400°C, but C-Hn bonds were not. In situ gas-phase FT-IR spectroscopy was performed on the TFE/HMDSO plasma to help determine reaction mechanisms.

CaSi2 and CaSi have been investigated by Auger Valence Electron Spectroscopy (AVES). Some drastic differences of the Auger peak due to 3s states in the Si atoms were observed in the Si[2s, 2p, V] Auger spectra. The peak that arised from valence electron states in the Ca atoms was observed in the Ca[2p, 3p, V] Auger spectra for both Ca-silicides. This result suggests that the Ca–Si bonds are partially ionic. However, the number of the valence electrons in Ca atoms for CaSi was larger than that for CaSi2. This result implies that the part of homopolar bonds between the Si and Ca atoms in CaSi is stronger than that in CaSi2. Based on these results, it has been concluded that the change of the Si [2s, 2p,V] Auger spectra is associated with the difference of the part of homopolar bonds between the Si and Ca atoms.