5 results
3 - A Resource Environment
- Maximilian Fritz Feichtner, Independent Scholar
-
- Book:
- The Metamorphosis of the Amazon
- Published online:
- 13 December 2023
- Print publication:
- 21 December 2023, pp 54-82
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Chapter 3 argues that the metamorphosis of the Ecuadorean Amazon started with the successful exploration activities by Texaco between the 1960s and 1980s. Starting from the assumption that oil as a resource does not simply exist out there awaiting its extraction but is the result of a process of social construction, the chapter explores how discourses, policies, technologies, and material infrastructures intersected to transform the Amazon into a “resource environment.” This involved a process of making sense of, systematizing, and appropriating nature – both physically and mentally. The combination of exploration technologies with geophysical knowledge and indigenous guides enabled Texaco to locate oil reserves in its concession area. Exploration changed forever how the region was perceived: the Amazon was reduced to the prospect of oil through different processes of abstraction, such as the issuing of concessions. These early confrontations of the oil business with the rainforest also caused temporary and long-term environmental impacts beyond the conceptual metamorphosis of the Amazon.
Preface
- Nathan P. Kalmoe, Louisiana State University
-
- Book:
- With Ballots and Bullets
- Published online:
- 20 October 2020
- Print publication:
- 30 July 2020, pp xxiii-xxviii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Leaders play a key role in whether their followers accept election losses or turn to violence instead. Here I illustrate the importance of public concession by party leaders after election losses, comparing 2008 and 1860.
Du consentement-concession au consentement-préférence
- P.-L. Weil-Dubuc
-
- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 29 / Issue S3 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2020, p. 631
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- HTML
- Export citation
-
L’enjeu de cette présentation sera précisément de contester, non pas l’usage ni l’importance de la notion de « consentement », mais l’idée selon laquelle puisse s’exprimer, à travers le consentement à des soins psychiatriques, une quelconque préférence du patient, comme c’est le cas dans d’autres domaines du soin. Cette idée nous semble critiquable pour plusieurs raisons. Premièrement, un patient « consentant », s’il peut renoncer à ce qu’il vit au moment où il consent, est incapable de connaître ses vécus futurs et peut donc difficilement les préférer à ses vécus présents. Deuxièmement, ses dispositions à accepter ou à refuser les soins qu’il reçoit évoluent au gré des traitements qu’il reçoit de sorte que son consentement à un moment t ne saurait l’engager pour un moment t+1. Troisièmement, à donner au consentement le sens d’une préférence, le risque est grand de lui donner la valeur d’un simple quitus affranchissant le soignant de son devoir d’attention au malade et à ses réticences (explicites ou implicites) et enjoignant le patient à s’y soumettre, tout cela du seul fait que ce dernier aurait un jour consenti à des soins pour son propre bien. Enfin, identifier le consentement à l’expression d’une préférence revient à considérer les personnes jugées inaptes à consentir comme des êtres sans préférences.
Pour ces raisons, il nous semblerait à la fois plus juste et plus loyal envers les patients de reconnaître que, dans le cas de la psychiatrie, le consentement s’apparente davantage toujours à une concession à des demandes, des besoins et des attentes extérieures, éventuellement contraires à ses préférences, qu’à l’expression d’une préférence.
4 - Bridging the Gap through the Elephant in the Room?
- Kinnari I. Bhatt, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
-
- Book:
- Concessionaires, Financiers and Communities
- Published online:
- 02 March 2020
- Print publication:
- 19 March 2020, pp 83-122
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Chapter 4 analyses whether private mechanisms for implementing land rights in development projects can fill the gaps within the formal legal framework allowing communities to leapfrog those gaps to negotiate with power-holding concessionaires and financiers? This chapter introduces the devices for analysing this question: project finance mechanisms and company agreement-making. Focusing on project finance mechanisms requires understanding the private legal rules that bring life and value to the project’s assets. These forgotten elephants in the room are the devices within private contracts and policies and behaviours around which they are implemented, all of which matter for the recognising and implementing of indigenous peoples’ rights to land. Evidencing these interfaces means looking at the ordering of a project financing to see how it inherently treats indigenous rights issues within contractual mechanisms that operationalise lender safeguarding policies. Referring to sample clauses, I provide an overview of documentary interfaces between project finance devices and land rights issues where vulnerability to dispossesion is high and private discretion and priority is elevated.
Government of Kuwait v. American Independent Oil Company (Aminoil)
- United States. 24 March 1982
-
- Journal:
- International Law Reports / Volume 66 / 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2021, pp. 518-627
- Print publication:
- 1984
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
International law in general — Sources — General principles of law — Role and importance — Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations — Resolutions on nationalization of foreignowned property — Value as sources of international law
International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Governing law of oil concession — Reference to laws of the host State and the concessionaire’s State and to general principles — Whether including public international law — International law and the law of Kuwait
States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Oil concession — Concession granted while Kuwait a protected State — Effect of independence — Effect of Kuwait Constitution — Whether concession ‘colonial’ — Whether stabilization clause in Concession still to be regarded as valid
States as international persons — Dependent States and territories — Protected States and protectorates — Kuwait — Oil concession granted while Kuwait a protected State — Effect of — Whether concession 'colonial' in character — Whether stabilization clauses to be regarded as valid
States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual obligations and concessions — Oil concession granted while Kuwait a protected State — Effect of independence — Whether concession 'colonial' in character — Whether stabilization clauses valid
State territory — Miscellaneous — Kuwait — Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone — Status of oil concession granted by Kuwait in Zone
State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Nationalization — Requirements for lawful nationalization — Nationalization of concession — Compensation
State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Nationalization of concession — Relation between measure of damages for unlawful nationalization and compensation for lawful nationalization — Equitable measure of compensation — Loss of profits — Duty of Tribunal to take account of legitimate expectations of parties under concession — Effect of inflation
State responsibility — Interest — In general — Award of interest in addition to award of compensating allowance for effects of inflation
State responsibility — Interest — Rate of interest — Compound interest — Award of compound interest
State responsibility — Interest — The dies a quo — Award of compensation for nationalization of oil concession — Arbitration Award made four and a half years after date of nationalization — Award of interest from date of nationalizatio~ to date on which parties complied with Award
Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Transnational arbitration between State and foreign company — Lex arbitri — Law governing substantive issues
Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Determination of rules of procedure by the Tribunal
State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For revocation of, or interference with, concessions or concessionary contracts — Law nationalizing concession — Dual nature of law as act of nationalization and termination of a contract — Conditions of lawful nationalization — Requirement of public benefit — Nondiscrimination — Role of stabilization clauses in concession — Stabilization clause in general terms — Whether forbidding nationalization — Permanent sovereignty over natural resources — Whether giving rise to a new rule of ius cogens — Evolution of concession — Effect of negotiation — Whether gradual recognition of State's dominant position in relation to concession — Whether overriding stabilization clauses
Concession — Clause requiring parties to negotiate if general trend in Middle East concessions arises which benefits concessionary States — Nature of a duty to negotiate — Whether a duty to agree — Parties agreeing on issues of principle but failing to agree on details — Whether Tribunal entitled to complete their agreement — Abu Dhabi Formula concerning taxation of oil companies' profits — Parties unable to agree upon detail of application to concession — Nationalization of concession — Whether concessionaire under an obligation to make payment to government in respect of past profits — Whether Tribunal entitled to calculate amount — Agreement amending concession applied on provisional basis — Concessionaire never receiving quid pro quo — Status of agreement — Duress — Whether economic pressure on concessionaire amounts to duress.
Duty of concessionaire to observe “good oil-field practice” — Whether discharged — Relative nature of obligation
Compensation for lawful nationalization — Whether based on net book value — Whether based on loss of profits — Need to satisfy legitimate expectations of parties — Reasonable rate of return — Method of calculation — Allowance for effects of inflation — Interest — Award of compound interest from date of nationalization — Additional award of allowance for inflation
Liabilities of nationalized concern — Assumption of liabilities by government — Whether company required to compensate Government
International law in general — Sources — Resolution of General Assembly — Practice of States and companies involved in oil industry — Relation of international law to law of Kuwait
Arbitration — Law applied by Arbitration Tribunal — Lex arbitri — Proper law of concession — Duty of Tribunal
![](/core/cambridge-core/public/images/lazy-loader.gif)