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2 results

  • 15 - The History of Scots

  • from Part IV - English in Scotland
  • Edited by Raymond Hickey, University of Limerick
  • Book:
    The New Cambridge History of the English Language
    Published online:
    08 March 2026
    Print publication:
    26 March 2026, pp 425-455

  • Summary

    This chapter offers a new outlook on the history of Scots, a minority language related to English, up to 1700. Scots and its history have been a subject of pioneering work in historical linguistics, especially in historical dialectology and digital approaches to language change. The chapter takes stock of previous scholarship and the extra-linguistic events which shaped the linguistic situation in Scotland from the medieval period till the early eighteenth century. It then highlights problematic areas and questions related to constructing a narrative for a history of an unstandardised minority language, with special focus on defining Scots as a language of written communication, its family tree, periodisation and status, as well as metalinguistic perspectives. The discussion finishes with an overview of the most recent research on various aspects of structure and language use, and a summary of available resources for the study of historical Scots.

  • An early medieval dual-currency economy: bullion and coin in the Danelaw

  • Part of
  • Jane Kershaw
  • Journal:
    Antiquity / Volume 91 / Issue 355 / February 2017
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 January 2017, pp. 173-190
    Print publication:
    February 2017
    • Article
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  • Metal detecting in England has recovered a large number of Viking Age single finds that have been reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme. These reveal that silver bullion of Scandinavian origin was used as currency throughout the Danelaw between AD 865 and 940. Standardised weights of copper alloy were an integral part of this metal-weight economy. Bullion was not the sole means of silver payment during this period: coinage had long been used in the occupied Anglo-Saxon territories and continued to be minted under the Vikings. The resulting dual-currency economy may have facilitated trade with neighbouring Scandinavian territories, but the two currencies also served as markers of cultural identity, offering a choice of monetary media.