Chapter 7 studies how Kasımpaşa, nearby the Arsenal, transformed into working-class neighborhoods, focusing on the complicated connections between migration networks, labor coercion, industrial production, and urban modernization.Utilizing wage and population records, it demonstrates how shipbuilding was central to the district’s demography and culture, and how regional and occupational networks were significant in settlement patterns. It investigates the connections between forced labor draft (particularly from the Black Sea coasts and Alexandria/Egypt), the increasing visibility of bachelors, the settlement of working-class families, and the urban policies and elite perceptions towards the district. It investigates the social, cultural, and economic divergence between Kasımpaşa and the adjacent Galata-Pera axis in Istanbul, the epicenter of urban reforms in the Tanzimat Era. It highlights the emergence of a working-class culture, and analyzes the proletarian experiences of working-class families and the increasing contention between working-class men and women and the Ottoman state, by focusing particularly on strikes and petitioning.

Chapter 4 discusses the integration of child labor into the capitalist relations of production in the Imperial Arsenal. It connects the militarization of labor with industrial and urban modernization in the context of migration crises throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It analyses how children were forcefully drafted before the Tanzimat and how child labor was central to the transition from tributary to military labor. It then explores how children served to the efforts to maintain military labor in the Arsenal. As the flow of refugees to Istanbul increased in the 1860s, the demanding need for industrial production and the failure of previous schemes of coercion merged with an emerging middle-class consciousness among urban elites who desired to convert the orphaned and refugee children into industrious citizens. The chapter narrates the formation of naval-vocational schools and boys’ companies and battalions within this context and introduces wages and profiles of Muslim and non-Muslim children throughout the different phases of their employment in the Arsenal and the Yarn Factory.

Chapter 6 analyses the connections between trans-imperial labor migration and Ottoman industrial and urban modernization in the nineteenth century. In a context marked by the mechanization of industrial production through technology transfer, the increasing political-economic ties between the Ottoman and British states, and the scarcity of workers with mechanical skills in Istanbul, hundreds of British industrial workers migrated to Istanbul to work mostly in the arsenal, as well as some other state factories. This chapter narrates the history of these workers and the community they established in Hasköy beginning with the mechanization efforts in the 1830s until the economic crisis in the mid-1870s. It analyses the larger context of British workers’ migration from Britain, their relations with the Ottoman state officials and local workers, and their experiences in the workplace and the city. It demonstrates how their contentious relationship and effective struggles pushed the state authorities to deploy skilled military workers, who were the products of the processes described in the previous chapter, to decrease and eliminate its dependence on them.

Chapter 6 focuses on Ottoman political reactions to the two opposition movements. Since the main means of spreading word about them was carried out by missionary activities, this chapter examines how Ottoman rulers reacted to Wahhabis and Mahdists in Ottoman lands. I examine in detail various cases through Ottoman archival materials, classifying them according to region as a means of showcasing the political measures implemented to stop the spread of the two movements in the centres (Istanbul and the Hejaz), in the core regions (Anatolia and Rumelia) and in the periphery (Arab regions, such as Damascus and Baghdad). This chapter shows that the severity of punishments decreased from the centre to the periphery, even though the main concern was maintaining public order in all the territories of the empire. The cases in the chapter also reveal how the telegraph and steamship helped in the central management of all the territories through the responses of the Ottoman rulers in Istanbul to incidents in the periphery.

Chapter 4 examines Wahhabism in the new period, showing how it emerged on the agenda of Ottoman ideological reactions in a way that differed from the previous period. I examine the impact of the printing press on the on-going ideological struggle, citing people who wrote about Wahhabism in the capital city as “men of the printing press” because of the diversity of the authors. Ulema, military men and intellectuals in Istanbul penned essays of various genres in which they discussed Wahhabi doctrines and promoted the Ottoman ideological stance over that “hazardous” creed. The writers wrote the essays in plain language that would have been accessible for the common people, including younger generations and students, and they were published in large numbers with the intention of protecting readers from the “bad” influence of Wahhabism. I show that Wahhabism became a concern for the centre as a result of the new technologies in the age of steam and print, and I explore those in reference to the circulation of Wahhabi ideas around the world through print media. I summarize this challenge in terms of an Ibn Khaldunian perspective versus the Ibn Taymiyyaism of the Wahhabi ideology.

This chapter examines the development of health services in late Ottoman Palestine. Through the eyes of a French physician living in Jerusalem in the first years of the twentieth century, it surveys the city’s medical institutions and personnel as a prelude to developments in the decades to come. It focuses on Jerusalem, which Western and missionary competition made into the city with the highest bed capacities in the empire, and on late Ottoman and regional developments, which set the stage for the medical profession’s development. Western encroachment, Zionist immigration and funding, late-Ottoman administrative reform, and local Palestinian initiative created an institutional and social setting that transformed Palestine’s medical landscape.

Chapter 12 examines Liverpool’s fifth European Cup as the spark for a new wave of international support, especially in Africa and North America. This chapter uses ‘the Miracle of Istanbul’ – Liverpool’s comeback win over AC Milan in the Champions League final in Turkey – to examine the roles of television, travel, and one absurd football match in the renewed internationalism of the Liverpool fan base from the mid-2000s.

Commensurate with its vast geography and long history, the Ottoman Empire had varied artistic and architectural cultures. Ottoman visual sources reflect the cultural identities, intellectual priorities, and personal as well as political aspirations of artists and patrons. They are instructive about methods of production, the circulation of goods (artworks, artifacts, and raw materials), and creative practices in palaces and urban centers. This chapter focuses on painting and architecture and surveys the available visual materials, demonstrating some of the innovative ways in which recent research has treated Ottoman painting and architecture.

The fifth chapter focuses on manuscript versions of al-Damāmīnī’s texts to trace their spread across the western Indian Ocean and beyond over the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It argues that at this point a broad transoceanic community of readers shaped the circulation and reading of al-Damāmīnī’s grammar commentaries by developing new strategies of appropriating and accessing Arabic texts. New paratextual profiles emerged to enable the transregional spread of his scholarship through textual reproductions. Most significantly, the ‘table of contents’ (fihrist) appeared by the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a new reader-centred device employed in a range of philological texts (as a broad manuscript survey shows) to facilitate the study of Arabic, turn manuscript copies into works of reference, and individualise studying pursuits. Building on previous scholarship, the manuscript materials corroborate the emergence of new textual practices and show how the communities of the transregional formation across the western Indian Ocean became part of these transformations in the field of Arabic learned encounters.

This chapter traces the inflection of various religio-cultural traditions and customs of erotic love and sex and ordering of sexual acts in sixteenth-century Istanbul as defined by literary and documentary sources. With its diverse population and as the seat of the Ottoman dynasty, Istanbul was one of the most crowded and diverse cities of the sixteenth century. It witnessed the formation of an elite class that distinguished itself from the majority of the urban population through ideological othering strategies and the establishment of law codes to order and rule the diverse communities in the city. Literary works that focused on the city and documents, including law codes and court records, reflect conflicting views on sexual relations: while chaste love among members of the elite was idealized in romances and sexual acts were criticized in satirical works, documents reflected the ways sexual acts and desires were regulated, controlled, and punished.

Chapter 6 discusses ceramic especially the blue-and-white ceramic, the chief wealth maker of the fifteenth century Dai Viet, in response to the Ming banning maritime trade from the late fourteenth to the late fifteenth centuries. Both Sukhothai and Champa took the chance to develop their own ceramic exports yet only Dai Viet was able to make the blue-and-white ceramics, because its easy access of the cobalt blue in Yunnan. Dai Viet ceramics’ major markets were Middle East and Java. This export was largely operated by the Muslim networks in Southeast Asia, which first promoted then overlapped with the Fujianese networks. The circulation of Muslim traders through ports in the Tongking Gulf and South China helped Dai Viet to profit from China’s Ming Gap as well as develop deeper trade relations with eastern gulf ports such as Qinzhou and Hainan Island.

Volume 1 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations documents the lives and experiences of everyday people through the lens of human movement and mobility from 1400 to 1800. Focusing on the most important typologies of preindustrial global migrations, this volume reveals how these movements transformed global paths of mobility, the impacts of which we still see in societies today. Case studies include those that arose from the demand for free, forced, and unfree labor, long- and short-distance trade, rural/urban displacement, religious mobility, and the rise of the number of refugees worldwide. With thirty chapters from leading experts in the field, this authoritative volume is an essential and detailed study of how migration shaped the nature of global human interactions before the age of modern globalization.

As defined by the World Health Organization, a disaster is “an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.” Whether caused by natural sources or man-made reasons, a disaster defines a chaotic process in the social, economic, physical, and environmental systems that are integrated into the lives of people. In order to alleviate or prevent the effects of disasters, mitigation strategies are developed and implemented in the form of policies, guidelines, and planning initiatives. Within these initiatives, cities and their built environment get specific attention as they define concentrated locations and a high density of people, social, and economic activity. After the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, the government of Turkey has passed urban transformation laws and implemented disaster mitigation strategies to take a proactive stance in dealing with the adverse effects of possible high magnitude earthquakes on cities. Urban transformation, in the sense of disaster mitigation, has been about upgrading of the built environment and infrastructure as well as creating open spaces. In this respect, urban transformation efforts in Istanbul, as a city of 17 million residents and being located on a highly risky seismic zone, becomes an interesting case study. This chapter will examine urban transformation efforts in Istanbul during the last decade as a form of disaster mitigation strategy and will offer a critical review of earthquake preparedness through the planning initiatives and shaping of the built environment.