Field studies were conducted in Knoxville, TN, over a 2-yr period (2007 and2008) to determine the field dissipation rate and efficacy of pyroxasulfone,acetochlor, dimethenamid, and s-metolachlor to broadleafsignalgrass. Depending on rainfall patterns, pyroxasulfone at 209 g ai ha−1 provided broadleaf signalgrass control of > 75%, whichwas equal to or superior to acetochlor at 1,740 g ai ha−1,dimethenamid at 1,500 g ai ha−1 ands-metolachlor at 1,420 g ai ha−1. Pyroxasulfoneprovided residual control into the growing season and provides a tool forresistance management of later-emerging weeds. Herbicide dissipation wasrapid in all soils (half-life usually < 20 d), although it was slower ina dry year. The order of herbicide dissipation and half-life in days in the2 yr was acetochlor (3.5, 5 d) > dimethenamid (5, 9 d) > s-metolachlor (8.8, 27 d) > pyroxasulfone (8.2, >71 d). There was poor correlation between observed weed control at 45 dafter treatment and chemically determined herbicide concentrations at thatsame time, with ∼ 40% difference in 2007 and ∼ 50% difference in 2008.

Field experiments were conducted during 2003 and 2004 to compare the effectiveness of KIH-485 and S-metolachlor for PRE weed control in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn. Longspine sandbur control increased as KIH-485 or S-metolachlor rates increased in conventional-tillage corn, but control did not exceed 75% when averaged over experiments. Both herbicides controlled at least 87% of green foxtail with the exception of no-tillage corn in 2004, when KIH-485 was more effective than S-metolachlor at lower rates. Palmer amaranth control ranged from 85 to 100% in 2003 and 80 to 100% in 2004, with the exception of only 57 to 76% control at the lowest two S-metolachlor rates in 2004. Puncturevine control exceeded 94% with all treatments in 2003. In 2004, KIH-485 controlled 86 to 96% of the puncturevine, whereas S-metolachlor controlled only 70 to 81%. Mixtures of atrazine with KIH-485 or S-metolachlor generally provided the most effective control of broadleaf weeds studied.

Three field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (2004 and 2005) at Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of eight market classes of dry beans to KIH-485 applied PRE at 210 and 420 g ai/ha. KIH-485 PRE caused as much as 67% visual injury in small-seeded and 44% visual injury in large-seeded dry beans. KIH-485 applied PRE at 420 g/ha reduced plant height up to 47% at Ridgetown and 8% at Exeter in 2004, and reduced height of brown and white bean by 15 and 19%, respectively, but had no effect on the height of the other beans in 2005. Shoot dry weight was not affected at Exeter in 2004 but was reduced by 46% at Ridgetown in 2004 and 14% at Exeter in 2005. In 2004, seed moisture content increased by 5, 6, and 12% in black, otebo, and pinto beans, respectively. Seed yield was reduced up to 27% at Ridgetown and 11% at Exeter in 2004 but was not affected at Exeter in 2005. On the basis of this research, KIH-485 PRE causes unacceptable injury in some dry bean market classes.