The chapter reviews the past literature on this topic, identifies some areas where Eastern religious cults may impact our life in the West, and also raises new questions and ideas for future scholarship. The study of all cults has been hampered by problems of definition and such problems (Eurocentric bias, Orientalism) are even more relevant in the study of Eastern religion. We review religious cults from three contrasting parts of the East, including the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia. We review a true Western court case in which a mental health defense (insanity) was indirectly inspired by the theology of an Eastern religious cult after the defendant admitted killing, but claimed “God told me to Kill!” This raised new questions for the forensic psychiatrists in the case, who found it difficult to accept the unpopular “cultish” view that God may indeed command one to kill. Whereas some Western religious cult leaders are available for psychiatric interview in the West, most Eastern ones are not so available, so our knowledge of their characteristics is based less on rigorous psychiatric interview, and more on soft historical records, often written by their enemies and therefore of questionable value. Lastly, we review some differences between Western and Eastern psychology / logic, which may be relevant to the dynamics of the seduction process for indoctrination into an Eastern religious cult.

In this chapter, I pursue two main goals. First, I argue for a new empirical generalization: An external argument in German passive constructions is accessible from positions below it but inaccessible from positions above it. The evidence for downward accessibility comes from control into adjunct clauses, secondary predicates, and complement clauses, binding of reflexives and reciprocals, and disjoint reference effects. In contrast, the evidence for upward inaccessibility comes from long-distance binding in impersonal passives and standard passives, accessible subjects for control infinitives, criterial movement constraints, minimality of movement effects, and intervention for anaphoric binding. Second, I present a new theory of passivization from which this generalization can be derived: The elementary operation Remove accounts for both accessibility and inaccessibility of external arguments in the passive in German, by correctly predicting a short life cycle. After this, the chapter addresses the question of how variation in the area of passivization can be accounted for in the new model. Next, there is a brief extension of the analysis to adjectival passives, invoking external Remove. The chapter concludes with a discussion of alternative approaches that either maintain strict accessibility or postulate strict inaccessibility, as well of hybrid approaches.

This chapter introduces the operation Remove. The starting point is the question of how to account for conflicting structure assignments in syntax. After excluding the standard means of syntactic movement for certain cases, several predecessors and alternatives of Remove are discussed (among them tree pruning, S-bar deletion, and exfoliation). In addition, the concept of coanalysis is critically evaluated. The core of the chapter is devoted to introducing Remove as an elementary operation that is the complete mirror image of Merge in that it triggers structure removal rather than structure building, and that it obeys exactly the same restrictions (with respect to triggers, strict cyclicity, etc.). On this basis, the different effects that Remove has for removal of phrases versus removal of heads are illustrated. Some general consequences are discussed next, concerning short life cycle effects, incompatibilities with other constraints (in particular, this holds for the Projection Principle), and semantic interpretation.

Chapter 5 focuses on the different temporalities that are interwoven in the station, feeding into everyday experiences and informing patterns of action. In Accra’s station, just as in most bus stations in Ghana, departures do not follow designated scripts dictated by clock time; instead, they are collectively timed by the inflow of passengers. These inflows follow different rhythmic temporalities co-composed in Accra and in the destinations served by the station. By detailing the daily work activities of an inexperienced and an experienced station worker, it teases out different levels of perceptual attunement to movement and rhythm taking shape hundreds of kilometres away. It argues that the tacit dimension of temporal and kinaesthetic enskilment highlights important qualities needed to make hustle successful, which essentially requires the ability to ‘read’ the different rhythms of eruptive situations and to align and time one’s actions accordingly.

This chapter discusses the sections of finite and absolute mechanics of Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature which are predicated upon his theory of space and time. It starts with the emergent notions of matter and movement before giving the details of the mechanical analysis in a close reading. Giving a foundation for Kepler’s laws is not only a touchstone of Hegel’s theory but is an integral rung in a system of steps building natural science from space and time. The chapter exposes three main strands of argument: dimensional realization of time and space in movement of matter, striving towards inner and outer centers of extended bodies, and the realization of a system of bodies in motion which materializes a complexity paralleling not only of the tripartite system general-particular-individual of his logic but additionally includes two particulars – as necessary in Hegel’s account of nature. Lastly, the chapter comments briefly on the relationship to Kant, Newton, and classical mechanics, as well as on modern aspects. As it demonstrates, Hegel’s treatment of mechanics is not an idiosyncratic way of presenting celestial mechanics but contains radical, quite modern metaphysical concepts which are not only interesting in their own right but furnish a key to the understanding of his system.

This chapter focuses on how the multiplane camera was used in Japan and what it signified to Japanese animators. Some creators attempted to bypass its aesthetics by interrelating mimetic and allusive representation, or motion and emotion, in their storytelling through a synthesis of cinematic techniques derived from live-action film and drawing conventions derived from comics. Anime movement shares some principles with character animation, but it prioritizes the assemblage of different visual properties. It engages viewers through emotional movements, where it draws upon elements other than the visible and mimetically represented physical motion. Emotion-eliciting movements often rely on abstract, exaggerated, and stylized forms, in which the manner of representation itself becomes the center of attention. Using Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba as an example, this chapter demonstrates how the series’ visuality shifts on a spectrum, responding to existing anime norms, film forms, technologies, platforms, funding patterns, and the cross-pollination of practices among creators and audiences that do not necessarily demand the simulation of photorealism.

This chapter describes some commonly used nonhuman paradigms for assessing animal behavior and the figures that are used to present those data. The chapter opens with an overview of some animal species used in neuroscience research, a discussion about nonhuman housing, and a description of types of validity that behavioral neuroscientists concern themselves with. The behavioral tests described here are divided into five major categories: motor behaviors; pain; learning and memory; mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and substance use disorder; and social behaviors. Included is a description of a survival analysis and an explanation of interpreting Kaplan–Meier curves.

Psychiatric illness may be associated with objective or subjective motor disorders. This chapter is chie?y devoted to objective motor disorders, but subjective motor disorders may also occur. It is difficult to classify motor disorders because although clear-cut individual motor signs (such as stereotypies) can be treated as if they were neurological symptoms, it is much more difficult to classify more complicated patterns of behaviour. Nonetheless, motor disorders can be broadly grouped into the following categories: (a) disorders of adaptive movements; (b) disorders of non-adaptive movements; (c) motor speech disturbances; (d) disorders of posture; (e) abnormal complex patterns of behaviour; and (f) movement disorders associated with antipsychotic medication. This chapter explores and explains these different categories of motor disorder in the context of psychiatric illness. The chapter concludes with suggested questions for eliciting specific symptoms in clinical practice, in addition to standard history-taking, mental state examination and physical examination.