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This chapter is about the Hollywood actors Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy, who epitomised the adage that opposites attract. Sexual difference is not their only opposition: she is upper-class, while he is lower-class; she is liberal, he is conservative; she is Anglo-Saxon Protestant, he is Irish Catholic; she is intellectual, he has common sense. The various textual and extratextual discourses about the Hepburn/Tracy couple repeatedly work out this structural opposition through a process of moderation. Seemingly having nothing in common, Hepburn and Tracy's union symbolises the moderation of oppositional idiosyncrasies creating a stable equilibrium. The metaphor of economy and excess proves extremely useful in characterising this dynamic, but it also suggests a hidden gender essentialism: male as practical and rational, female as impractical and irrational—or the difference between a straight line and a spiral.
The author got involved with Adolf Eichmann's story twice, once as a broadcaster and once as a filmmaker, and this chapter presents some of the thoughts and memories that have been drifting through the author's head for over forty years. In her articles, which were later published in book form under the title Eichmann in Jerusalem, the historian and political philosopher Hannah Arendt argued that Eichmann was an ordinary man, his actions arising from 'the banality of evil.' At the time the author was not able to accept her arguments. He had to wait nearly forty years before the answers became clear to the author as he worked on the film Adolf Eichmann: The Secret Memoirs. On 11 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death for crimes against the Jewish people, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. After his appeal was rejected, he was hung in May 1962.
In British Colonial Africa throughout the post-war years notions of crime prevention became overshadowed by the need to maintain order. A broad consideration of the policing of British colonial Africa at its grassroots level provides some insight into the policing of the end of the Empire. Colour and cultural-social bars naturally touched the police, with forms of racial discrimination particularly evident in colonies with large European settler populations, Kenya and Southern Rhodesia being prime examples. The operational independence of some units meant that Kenya Police Reserve (KPR) opertives were perceived as more akin to cowboys than to policemen, indulging in their own private vendettas against Mau Mau. Attempts at civil policing were frustrated, on the one hand, by the need for containment of public disorder and civil disobedience and, on the other, by a serious shortage of manpower and resources.
This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts covered by the collection of original sources in the book. The towns of later medieval Italy were one of the high points of urban society and culture in Europe before the industrial revolution. They also produced huge amounts of written material, which is exceptional in quality and quantity for the Middle Ages. The book focuses on the buildings and their decoration, and urban 'social services'. It then addresses Italian civic religion, and deals with social groups and social tensions. The book explores production and commerce: the effects of monetary affluence, the guilds and markets, government interventions to stimulate production, to regulate exchange, and to control the city's population. It examines the great variety of political regimes in late-medieval Italy.
To estimate the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Italian long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and to evaluate whether an artificial intelligence (AI) approach, through unsupervised machine learning (ML), could stratify residents into clinically distinct groups with differing susceptibility to HAIs.
Design:
Prospective cohort study with 12-month follow-up.
Setting:
24 LTCFs in Italy, participating in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 12-month longitudinal study on HAIs in LTCFs, 2022–2023.
Participants:
395 residents enrolled across the participating LTCFs.
Methods:
Incidence measures of HAIs (rate and ratio) were estimated, using generalized estimating equations. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on residents’ clinical and demographic characteristics was implemented as an unsupervised ML approach.
Results:
Overall, 75 HAIs per 100 residents (95% CI, 70.3–78.3) and 0.23 HAIs per 1,000 resident-days (95% CI, 0.11–0.76) were estimated. Respiratory tract infections (29.5%, 95% CI 24.2–31.1), COVID-19 (26.3%, 95% CI 22.1–28.4), and urinary tract infections (15%, 95% CI 11.0–35.4) were the most frequent. Clustering identified two reproducible resident groups: Group 1 (39%), more independent and cognitively preserved, with fewer comorbidities and lower infection incidence; and Group 2 (61%), more dependent and clinically complex, with higher incidence of HAIs. Cluster stability was high (mean ARI = 0.83).
Conclusions:
This study confirms the high burden of HAIs in Italian LTCFs and provides exploratory evidence that AI-based clustering can identify reproducible HAI susceptibility profiles in a setting where such approaches have been scarcely applied.
The article contributes to memory work on serfdom, which is part of the current momentous debate in Poland on the history and heritage of the peasantry. The article also explores the role that the arguments presented by peasant circles in favour of the implementation of land reform in the early Second Polish Republic (1918–26) played in the politics of history, in particular peasant memory of serfdom and its key element, compulsory labour. Drawing upon the main press organs of the leading peasant parties (PSL Piast and PSL Wyzwolenie), the article shows that in addition to advancing arguments of a social, economic and ethical–legal nature, supporters of both the moderate and radical versions of this reform justified their positions in historical terms, regarding reform as compensation for the centuries of systemic injustice that the nobility inflicted upon peasants in the Polish lands during serfdom. The article ends with the conclusion that despite deep divisions between various factions of the Polish peasant movement in the first decade of independence, the shared aspects of peasant historical policies regarding historical injustice were an important factor that enabled the unification of this movement in the early 1930s.
This chapter explores the three shorts Martel has made since completing La mujer sin cabeza: Nueva Argirópolis (2010), Pescados (2010) and Muta (2011). Despite the diverse contexts within which these films arose, and their differing subject matter, their preoccupation with watery and liquid worlds can be read as part of a shared concern with fluid ontologies and becomings. Such damp and liquid worlds create different perceptual conditions, or allow for the creation of a different kind of perception. This chapter contends that these shorts are concerned with the creation of fluidity, of a liquidity of perception in which the certainties of social worlds and human ontologies dissolve. Their watery locales and aesthetics provide a setting for the undoing of fixities – of the human, of identity, of the image – and allow instead for becomings: becomings-animal, becomings-other, producing thought through the reconfiguration of would–be fixed images or ideas.
In 1900, the liberation of sexuality came in the guise of public visibility. Two methods were used to liberalize visibility in public spaces. The first was that of the chaste nudes. Courthouses became the theater for struggles aimed at admitting that nudity could be no more obscene than the wings of angels. The second method was much more radical than the first, for it sought to attack publicity rather than the meaning that judges were required to attribute to nudity.
This article traces the conservation history of the inner suburb of Parkville in Melbourne, Australia. It focuses on its 1972 designation as Melbourne’s first urban conservation area by the National Trust of Australia (Victoria). It examines Parkville’s establishment in the setter-colonial city as an elite neighbourhood, its post-war transformation, the role of the resident amenity group, the Parkville Association, and the evolution of heritage planning policies by the City of Melbourne and the state government of Victoria. Using a range of archival sources, including the Victorian Heritage Database, the article analyses the expanding building, conservation area and heritage overlay protections for Parkville from the 1950s to the 2020s, with a particular focus on the years 1971–85. This article interlaces policy and planning, heritage and conservation, and cultural and social change. It argues that Parkville’s designation was demonstrative of urban conservation in Melbourne and reflected evolving international approaches to urban heritage.