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This chapter spells out the notion of the espistemology of the secret. It unpacks the two main components of the epistemology of the secret of international law: the necessary presence of hidden, unknown, invisible content in the texts, practices, actors, effects, representations, past, etc. of international law (what is called in this book the necessity of secret content) and the necessity for international lawyers to reveal such hidden, unknown, invisible content (what is called in this book the necessity of revelation). The chapter distinguishes the epistemology of the secret of international law from the hermeneutics of suspicion, the idea of an ideology of secretism and the idea of an economy of secrets.
Uganda is a case of midrange institutional control in which transitional justice has been subsumed within existing state institutions through a strategy of containment. In this chapter I present the Ugandan government’s strategy wherein transitional justice is enmeshed within existing structures of power, which allows the government to monitor and control the risks of norm compliance. The chapter begins with a discussion of the history of armed conflict in Uganda, particularly the war against the Lord’s Resistance Army and the government’s abuse of Acholi civilians. I then examine the government’s adaptation of transitional justice to identify and evaluate the containment strategy in which the risks of accountability are managed by integrating transitional justice into government institutions controlled through patronage, functionally rendering impunity for the state. I explore the containment strategy through three components of transitional justice in Uganda: International Crimes Division, state-regulated customary justice practices, and the National Transitional Justice Policy. To explore the strategy beyond the case of Uganda, I examine transitional justice in Côte d’Ivoire.
Liberated Africans sought freedom and solidarity during their enlistment and indenture that impaired the process of creolisation. Chapter 4 draws out their experiences from several documentary accounts; these often neglect the physical and emotional trauma endured during the crossing. It examines the coercive nature of enlistment, allocation to the estates, the nature of work regimes, and how recaptives wrestled with those conditions. The chapter stresses the restrictions liberated Africans experienced, the ways local and imperial forces sought to 'civilise' them, and how recaptives drew on shared African histories and experiences in the homeland and the Caribbean to pursue freedom.
This introduction surveys existing approaches to the history of work that this book engages with, including accounts of economic change, studies of waged work, understandings of the role of households in the economy, and the importance of gender to all of the above. It introduces the alternative ‘work-task approach’ to be applied in this study.
This chapter uses a case study from Julian’s and Cyril’s engagement to introduce the central argument of the book: that Julian and Cyril are in narrative conflict, a type of intellectual disagreement that can obtain when strong traditions do not share adequate language or criteria by which their representatives can adjudicate weighty differences. The case study revolves around Julian’s and Cyril’s competing interpretation Leviticus 16, and of one ambiguous word: apopompaios. Julian and Cyril each offer confident interpretations, grounded in their traditions’ constituting narrative, but those interpretations look absolutely nothing alike. The chapter briefly explains the concept of narrative conflict and then summarizes the books’ chapters.
This chapter explores the role of ideologies (i.e., socially shared belief systems) to justify or challenge existing social systems. The chapter begins by defining ideologies and examining their origins, focusing on how they are shaped by socialisation, collective identities, and power relations. It then discusses system-justifying ideologies, such as right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and belief in a just world, which legitimise inequality and attribute privilege to merit. In contrast, the chapter also explores system-change ideologies that challenge inequality and promote social change, focusing on the psychological processes that lead advantaged group members to embrace these ideologies and become allies. Psychological dynamics underlying allyship and solidarity are also discussed. In sum, the chapter highlights the complexities of allyship, noting that motivations can vary and that intersectional privileges can either foster or undermine solidarity, depending on shared identities and norms within groups.
This study explores whether ideological polarization increases political engagement and trust, both of which are central elements of civic culture. Polarization can clarify political positions and thereby simplify the formation of opinions, increase the stakes of elections, and offer more options to citizens. To estimate the impact of polarization from a causal perspective, we exploit variation within individuals over time using individual-level data from the Swiss Household Panel spanning from 1999 – 2023, amounting to 178,251 observations from 28,187 persons. Ideological polarization at the individual level is measured by a process of increasing extremity of the self-position on the left-right scale. In addition, we test how polarization of cohabiting household members has spillover effects on political engagement and trust. For political engagement, we adopt a comprehensive approach, focusing on interest in politics, participation in popular votes, party identification, and frequency of political discussions as dependent variables. Political trust is measured as confidence in the federal council. To analyze the data, we primarily use fixed effects models, complemented by a pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, and cross-lagged models to address reverse causality. Results show that ideological polarization does promote engagement but has a weak negative impact on political trust. This effect remains significant when controlling for affective polarization. Additionally, there is an overall increase in political engagement and a decrease in political trust if partners living in the same household become more extreme in their ideological preferences.
Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental illness affecting 24-million people globally, associated with a life expectancy 15 years shorter than the general population. Approximately 70% of people with schizophrenia experience auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), i.e. ‘hearing voices’. Current treatment approaches remain unsuccessful in up to 30% of cases.
Aims
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of non-pharmacological treatments for AVHs in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, assessing emerging treatment effectiveness and identifying research gaps.
Methods
A literature search was performed between 2013-2024 across five databases: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Medline, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis included 45 studies based on predefined criteria and bias assessment. Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) were calculated using a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals. The study followed PRISMA guidelines and was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024598615).
Results
Our sample included 2,314 patients and fourteen interventions. The overall mean effect size was -0.298 (95% CI, [-0.470, -0.126]), representing a medium, statistically significant effect. Subgroup analyses revealed medium, statistically significant effects for both AVATAR therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Conversely, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) showed small, non-significant effects.
Conclusions
AVATAR therapy has the strongest evidence for treating AVHs, highlighting the need for large-scale RCTs and integration into treatment guidelines. CBT requires methodological standardisation. Acceptance and commitment therapy shows promise but needs further high-quality RCTs. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques require additional trials before clinical implementation.
Nathan G. Jennings concludes the volume with a synthetic view on liturgical theology, the art of doing theology from and through the celebration of actual liturgies. He introduces the groundbreaking ideas of Alexander Schmemann on the matter and explains how the field has further developed, despite certain tensions with historical claims.
This chapter draws the attention to systems of thought other than international law and that are similarly articulated around a postulation of the necessary presence of some content or substance deemed to be hidden in some way (what is called here the necessity of secret content) and/or the necessary performance of an act of revelation of some content or substance previously unknown (what is called here the necessity of revelation). The attention is drawn on the epistemologies of the secrets at work in Greek logocentric thought, in the Christian governance of the mind, in modern thought, in the idea of critique inherited from modern thought, in bourgeois literature, in Freudian psychoanalysis, in structuralist thought, and in poststructuralist thought.