Contemporary interest among American progressives in using antitrust law to address wealth inequality lacks a firm intellectual foundation. Indeed, both the original American progressives of a century ago and Thomas Piketty, whose work sparked contemporary interest in inequality, agree that inequality’s source is scarcity, rather than monopoly, and so inequality will persist even in perfectly competitive markets. The only real solution is taxation, not a potentially destructive campaign of breakup. Why, then, is antimonopolism so popular among American progressives today? There are two reasons. The first is American anti-statism, which has closed off tax policy as a viable political solution to inequality, forcing progressive scholars and activists to seek a second- or third-best workaround in antitrust policy. The second is the American press, which is actively promoting antimonopolism as a way of fighting back against Google and Facebook, two companies that have badly outcompeted the press for advertising dollars in recent years.

Primary care physicians are supposed to play a central role in care coordination. This chapter finds no strong evidence that they have been able to improve care, a possible reason for relative low incomes for this specialty and small numbers. Evidence does show a need for care coordination, but health system managerial strategies to make gains by use of financial incentives (pay for performance) or organizational changes (patient-centered medical homes) have so far not been demonstrated. Prospects for the use of other sources of coordination (advanced practice providers and hospitalists) are discussed and opportunities outlined. Bundled payment or capitation might help support coordinated services, and competition among health systems to offer different models may eventually lead to success.

Once women’s appearance in public space is accepted, the tensions concern how they appear. Self-representations of gender identity are performed in part through differences in hejab (required modest clothing) and bodily comportment, varying from women in chadors moving through the traditional local spaces of the bazaar to secular cosmopolitan women styling their own performance of transnational independence. But women asserting their presence in public face harassment and the threat of violence, especially when stepping into the street, using public transportation, and asserting their right to social and spatial mobility. Vigilantes (the serial killer Saeed Hanaei, the “Spider Killer”) and gangs (the “Black Vultures” and the “Wolves”) targeting women can defend their attacks as morally justifiable, while the government has initiated programs of “social security” that primarily have sought to control deviations from approved forms of hejab. Nonetheless, women insist on their right to the city and their freedom to be fully present as women in public, whether by negotiating their personal space in a taxi or challenging the arguments of their attackers face to face.

Chapter 9 addresses a selection of contract law issues including licensing and collaboration agreements from a practical point of view. It also engages with competition law, international trade law, and environmental law aspects of beer law. The chapter includes a section devoted to the legal issues that are associated with cross-border internet sales of beer.

This chapter provides an account of the Public Records Office of Ireland as a legal repository, before its destruction in 1922 as an early ‘casualty’ of the Irish Civil War. The chapter supplies a succinct account of Ireland’s historic courts and their record-keeping, providing an overview of the legal contents of the Public Record Office of Ireland at the moment of its destruction. Using several case studies, the chapter then illustrates the process of archival reconstruction through the use of substitute and replacement sources, spanning the late medieval period up to the end of the nineteenth century. It argues that attempting to reconstruct these lost legal archives constitutes a powerful method of historical reappraisal, revealing how many of Ireland’s historic courts were created, evolved and disappeared.

This chapter examines beer and beer culture in the Nordic countries – Sweden Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. It notes some key innovations made in relation to beer, such as Norwegian kveik yeast and the important research work done at Carlsberg. A set of unique laws is also examined.

The author provides an account of the cultural evolution of a new concept of leadership for both emperors and the church in the Christianising society based in the eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. The focus is the pivotal period from the establishment of Constantine the Great’s one-man rule through Byzantine rule over the eastern and western empires in the sixth and seventh centuries, ending with the rule of Irene as sole empress (797–802) and Charlemagne’s coronation in 800. Letters exemplify the late Roman transformation from a model of one-man (or one-family) rule to a more complex system of power sharing between religious authorities, which was under constant renegotiation, from the highest levels of governance under emperors and bishops to the lowest level of the parish led by local clergy. Increasing opportunities for women to exercise power, hand in hand with the episcopal leaders of the new church, also shaped imperial leadership ideals in new ways.

This chapter distinguishes the work of thought experiments in exemplifying concepts from their role in aiding cognition of regulative ideas. Contemporary interest in thought experiments as a “method of cases” treats thought experiments as providing instances or exemplars. For regulative ideas as Kant understands them, however, no observable instances or exemplars are possible. Nevertheless, thought experiments can direct attention toward regulative ideas negatively (by distinguishing them from what is observable) or positively by indicating a direction for extrapolation or ongoing inquiry. These positive uses are forms of cognition. The distinction between regulative and constitutive concepts matters for thought experiments that deal with regulative ideas such as the self – for example, for thought experiments about personal identity, where a number of objections to the use of thought experiments have been raised. I argue in this chapter that some of these objections can be answered by distinguishing regulative from constitutive concepts.

This chapter explores the rich history and cultural significance of Czech beer, focusing specifically on the origins, evolution, and social practices surrounding beer consumption in the Czech Republic. It traces the beginnings of beer brewing in the region, highlighting the introduction of hops by Slavic settlers and the establishment of Pilsner as a dominant beer style in the nineteenth century, particularly through the pioneering work of brewers such as Josef Groll or Frantisek Poupe. The chapter delves into the socio-political impact of beer culture, noting how communal drinking practices, encapsulated in the phrase ‘jdeme na jedno’ (let us go for one), serve as a reflection of Czech identity and social cohesion. Furthermore, it examines the transition of the beer industry through various historical epochs, including the effects of World War II and Communist rule, leading to the contemporary craft beer movement and the resurgence of interest in quality brewing. Ultimately, the study positions Czech beer culture not only as a national treasure but also as a vital element of social interaction and community bonding in Czech society.

If assessing the existence of a corporate entity is meaningless before establishing the presumed existence of its members, we should then first investigate what is supposed to make these members irreducible to begin with. I discuss two broad philosophical outlooks in that regard. The first understands individuals as naturally irreducible, organic or soulful, entities. The second treats individuals themselves as organizations of a miniature size, and in that sense as artificial entities. The first approach essentially poses an insurmountable barrier to the possibility of genuine corporate existence; the second is more accommodating. Rather than suggesting which approach is correct from a philosophical perspective, this chapter extracts from the aforementioned discussion a more nuanced way of thinking about the problem of corporate existence in general, setting the stage for revisiting how we theorize international organizations.

Kant thinks it is possible to achieve nonperceptual cognition in three ways: (1) through practical action, (2) by analogy, and (3) through construction. The type of cognition available depends on the kind of object or concept being cognized. The fact that cognition of nonperceptual objects is possible in some cases opens the way for thought experiments to provide cognition in ways that go beyond providing fictional examples and exemplifications. In this chapter, I describe these other possibilities for cognition and show how they are at work in different kinds of thought experiments in philosophy.

Having discussed the main limitations of current approaches in theorizing international organizations, this chapter goes on to investigate their core assumptions about the state. These are the notions that the state can be analogized to the ‘natural’ person of domestic law and that it forms an opaque and closed-off unitary actor. This chapter goes on to explain how this image may inadvertently distort how international organizations are theorized – from how we are to understand the relationship with their members to more technical questions of customary international law. Concluding this chapter, I suggest that theorizing international organizations should proceed from an altogether different premise. This is the idea the state itself is an artificial entity rather than a somehow naturally irreducible one.

Chapter 6 examines the Sectarians’ portrait of the end-time destruction of its enemies. The depictions of eschatological violence offer insights into how the Sectarians responded to their present overmatched position while simultaneously affirming their special status. Sectarian texts imagine an imminent end of days that would usher in a period in which all of its enemies – both foreigners and other Jews – would be vanquished in the end-time battle.