We saw earlier that the Shrikhande graph is a strongly regular graph, with parameters (16,6,2,2). In Chapter 3, we saw that this implies that the adjacency matrix A satisfies the two equations

AJ = 6J, A2 = 4I + 2J,

where I and J are the identity and all-1 matrices of order 16.

The first equation shows that the all-1 vector j is an eigenvector of A with eigenvalue 6. From the theory of real symmetric matrices we know that any other eigenvector v is orthogonal to j, and hence if the corresponding eigenvalue is θ.

This chapter explores the universality of Sen’s capability approach (CA). On the one hand, the capability framework advocates for a holistic perspective on well-being, transcending conventional economic metrics. On the other hand, it acknowledges the multifaceted nature of individuals, cultures, and contexts within the realm of work, emphasising intrinsic value beyond mere productivity. This chapter delves into cross-cultural and cultural applications, examining how the CA accommodates diversity and contextuality while promoting universal values. Rooted in the work pioneered by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, the CA model recognises work as a platform for human expression, self-realisation, and alignment with personal values, echoing the principles of self-determination theory. Central to the discussion is the concept of capability sets, linking them to well-being and flourishing. While acknowledging the value of top-down approaches, the narrative underscores the importance of grassroots engagement to enable individuals effectively. This emic approach highlights the importance of nurturing loving relationships within the workplace and within communities as integral to human flourishing. Ultimately, the chapter argues for a nuanced understanding of well-being that acknowledges and respects diverse contexts, challenging the notion of a universally imposed definition and moving forward to universally guiding principles.

Chapter 2 focuses on the role and potential of technology in the mathematics classroom. You will be introduced to the TPACK and SAMR frameworks, which support effective planning and teaching with digital tools. This chapter demonstrates how technology can enhance engagement, feedback, personalisation, and collaboration, while providing guidance on selecting high-quality digital resources aligned with the cross-curriculum priorities. The integration of technology is framed to enrich pedagogical practice and support diverse learners.

This chapter considers sacred space and the battles surrounding its possession, uses and understandings of the sacred more generally, including the wider significance of the landscape itself as a sacred space. Irish Catholic approaches were nuanced, such as the distinctions drawn between newly-built Protestant churches and older buildings that could be ‘re-catholicised’. The numerous rites and practices that this entailed are explored, showing that while notions of the holy and control of space were important to Irish Catholics, there was, nonetheless, great variety in how that was expressed. Spaces such as churches and churchyards are also examined as locations where both sacrality and ethnic tensions overlapped, with disputes surrounding burial showcasing Irish Catholic hostility to Protestants and Protestantism as heresy but also as foreign bodies contaminating Irish soil. The politics of church possession is another theme, which is shown to have explosive potential for intra-confessional conflict, as Irish Catholics debated and fought over the control of churches as a central demand of their cause, leading to conflict among themselves.

This chapter presents a qualitative case study that explores the emotional experiences of a group of non-higher-education-based (NHEB) teacher educators, who are called Jiaoyanyuan (Teaching Research officers) within the Chinese context. Attention was paid to the critical emotional incidents they encountered, along with their reflections on such experiences as language teacher educators. The study sheds light on the multiple dimensions of their emotional experiences, which are mediated by various individual (e.g., personal beliefs, values, and past teaching experiences) and contextual factors (e.g., existing systems and ongoing educational reform). The findings further revealed that the participants employed a variety of emotional regulation strategies, often blending them to regulate both their own emotions and those of language teachers in difficult situations. The study offers useful implications for language teacher educators to examine the complexities of their emotions and explore potential regulation strategies to enhance their emotional well-being and improve their effectiveness in educating teachers.

This chapter applies the capability approach (CA) to the field of human resource management (HRM) by exploring the case of sustainable employability. We elaborate on the interplay between HRM and the CA with respect to sustainable employability at the organisational level by focusing on two key areas of HRM: strategic HRM and inclusive HRM. From a strategic HRM lens, this chapter explores what is necessary for organisations not only to use the CA as a tool to contribute to the capabilities and goals of employees but also to use the CA to contribute to the capabilities and goals of the organisation. From an inclusive HRM lens, this chapter explores how organisations can use the CA as a normative framework for fostering access to work and decent work for vulnerable groups in the labour market. The chapter concludes by outlining future research directions for applying the CA to strategic and inclusive HRM at the individual, organisational, and societal levels.

It is not much of a hyperbole to consider today how much the lived experience of people within and beyond Britain and Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries consisted of not simply Eric Hobsbawm’s Age of Revolution, but also his Ages of Capital and Empire. Romanticism as a period and as a literary impulse or collation of ideas is riven by assertions for radical emancipation as well as the witnessing of the predations of empire and dislocations of an ever-growing tangle of expropriating capitalist networks. It is an event and body of affect where the historical vertigo of the American, Haitian, and French Revolutions coexist together, along with the traumas of saltwater slavery and Western imperialism, as well as the antagonisms of empire as a collective but also heterogeneous historical force. In Romanticism, we find the emergence of modernity’s political vocabulary, in all its aspirations and contradictions, for both individual identity and larger national, and nationalist, formations. Both necessarily tied to but also distinct from questions of the historical and temporal, the reading of the political is perhaps where Romanticism and world literature have most recognizably met in interdisciplinary encounter, and where they continue to meet.

Chapter 10 builds on earlier learning and explores how students extend their understanding of Measurement and Space in the middle and upper primary years (Years 3 to 6). It focuses on the development of key concepts such as units of measure, angles, transformations, and geometric properties. You will investigate strategies for using precise mathematical language, addressing common misconceptions, and applying spatial and measurement thinking to solve purposeful, real-world problems.

The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment was a watershed moment for global efforts to protect the environment. One of its main achievements was to serve as the inspiration for the development of the UN Economic Commission for Europe’s (UNECE) Air Pollution Treaties, with the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution seeing considerable success in Europe. The attempts to replicate these models elsewhere, especially in the global South, have been far less successful and provide valuable case studies on the limits of legal transplantation. In Southern Africa, a lack of state capacity and data collection has prevented substantial progress on a multilateral framework convention. Northeast Asia suffers from the opposite problem whereby a host of overlapping multilateral initiatives are stifling the development of a coherent framework. Finally, Southeast Asia, while possessing a binding multilateral convention has failed to reduce haze pollution either by use of soft or hard obligations. Ultimately, the importation of the model for the UNECE’s air pollution treaties must acknowledge regional contexts and, in some cases, include international assistance to developing states.

After elaborating in detail the cremation of Percy Bysshe Shelley, which results in the emblematic retrieval of the poet’s unburnt heart, Edward Trelawny concludes his account by noting how he “followed the practice of the Hindoos in using a funeral pyre,”1 something he presumably learned during his travels in India. One of the central narratives in English High Romanticism, one that preserves for later generations literally and figuratively the heart of one of its major poets, is thus enabled by, indebted to, a non-Western, non-European cultural practice that speaks to a realm of action, thought, words, and images that has become one of the most promising horizons shaping what now goes by the disciplinary name of world literature.

This edited volume explores the development of international environmental law from the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment to the 2022 UN International Meeting Stockholm+50. In this introduction, after brief presentations of the outcomes of the two UN events, we provide comparative snapshots of international environmental law as of 1972 and 2022. Thus, building on the different contributions to this volume, the legal development during these 50 years is displayed with respect to general legal principles and North-South dimensions as well as the different issue areas of human rights, participatory rights, and the rule of law; the law on waste, chemicals, consumption and production; the law on the atmosphere, watercourses and the sea; and the law on nature and biodiversity. Through these brief yet composite pictures of the state of international environmental law, we sketch out some of the most decisive developments in the intervening years. Lastly, we venture a look at current trends and their potential significance for the future development of international environmental law – towards Stockholm+100.

This chapter focuses on the cultures of war victory in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and their successor states, a topic which illustrates global themes in the history and memory of war in the twentieth century and beyond. The First World War left a complex legacy of societal division, conflicting experiences, memories, continuities, and ruptures. This chapter shows how a complex legacy evolved in the twentieth century, and how it was reshaped by successive regimes and political orders to better fit shifting political interpretations of global history.