Chapter 6 delves into experiments, models, and simulations in mathematics, introducing powerful strategies for inquiry and representation. You will learn how to scaffold students’ understanding of mathematical concepts through modelling frameworks and interactive tools, enhancing conceptual understanding and problem-solving.

This chapter shows how using plane electromagnetic waves can simply give many of the results in previous chapters, without involving Maxwell’s equations. Starting with metallic rectangular and circular waveguides, these waves are used to find the main solutions for propagation and attenuation. After deriving the two Fresnel reflection coefficients for oblique incidence, plane waves reveal the solutions for slab guides directly. Following the analysis of oblique incidence on a conductor, solutions for the attenuation in some transmission lines are derived showing some of the physics of this phenomenon. There follows a section concerning plane waves going through thin resistive films. One of the examples shows the unusual result of a frequency independent solution for transmission through a resistive film on a dielectric substrate.

Los Angeles literature’s historically marginal place in the American canon can partly be attributed to the prominence of “popular” literatures in its cultural production. This chapter addresses the literary tradition with which LA is perhaps most frequently associated, especially in the popular imagination: crime fiction, in the lineage established by Raymond Chandler. Norman observes how, in Chandler’s genre-defining writings, Los Angeles is charted as a topography of absent, empty, alienated spaces – establishing enduringly powerful visions of the city. Norman then turns to Ross Macdonald’s debts to and departures from Chandler, the complex nostalgia for a midcentury city built upon White supremacy that animates James Ellroy’s police procedurals, and Walter Mosley’s transformative reconfiguration of the iconic lone private eye as an African American.

Such are the idiosyncrasies and ambiguities of Los Angeles’s sociospatial conditions that they have birthed a body of nonfiction writing dedicated to understanding them. This chapter presents such works as a distinct literary tradition. Dimendberg identifies the 1930s, when Los Angeles matured into a metropolis, as the period in which a range of now-familiar (and mostly negative) tropes about the city solidified, while the German geographer Anton Wagner marveled at how rapidly LA’s urban fabric was changing. In the 1940s Carey McWilliams offered a clear-eyed portrait of Southern California that remained alive to its flaws and inequalities, but his assessment was far fonder than those of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. In the 1970s and 1990s respectively, Reyner Banham and Mike Davis offered contrasting images of the city. Banham was among the first theorists to champion LA’s uniquely spatialized mode of city living as for the most part a success. Davis, meanwhile, embodying the critical urbanism of the LA School of Geography, excoriated its violent underpinnings and enduring carcerality.

‘What is a woman?’ Beauvoir asked in her 1949 feminist masterpiece, The Second Sex. Her answer is that woman has been constructed as ‘the Other’ vis-à-vis man: she is nothing in herself, she is just not a man. Her situation is the result of historical and social processes, which many people, including herself, erroneously perceive as natural and unchangeable. Is Beauvoir’s presentation of women still relevant to today’s world? Chapter 4 argues that, although she referred to 1940s European and North American societies, a substantial portion of her critique remains surprisingly pertinent. This chapter, while offering a general presentation of The Second Sex and its reception, focusses on some of its most philosophically interesting aspects, including the obstacles that society and culture pose to women’s self-creation. Busy with reproduction of life, notably domestic chores and motherhood, for Beauvoir, women do not pursue authentically held goals. Her view that women’s liberation can only be achieved collectively, through a transformation of society as a whole, can still play an extremely relevant role in debates not only about women but also any oppressed group.

In previous chapters, the added value of the capability approach (CA) for work was demonstrated at the conceptual level, organisational levels, and several specific contexts. In this chapter, we aim to demonstrate its added value for new developments in work, some of which are already underway and others that are foreseeable. We argue that even for disruptive, unforeseeable changes, the CA provides a framework for action dealing with them. Through the lens of the capability model, workers, enabled by leaders and professionals, can create environments that empower employees to adapt to changes while achieving their full potential. It highlights the importance of fostering resilience, flexibility, and sustainability within organisations to meet the challenges and opportunities presented by global trends. Actionable strategies for leveraging digital tools, embracing cultural diversity, and implementing eco-friendly practices can be implemented to enhance employee capabilities. By integrating these elements, decision-makers should drive transformative change that supports both individual well-being and organisational success in a rapidly evolving work landscape.

Propaganda and storytelling are key themes of this chapter. It examines the important roles of providence and martyrdom in constructing stories of the Irish rebellion and beyond, whether in the depositions or other accounts, including print. Both themes were important in building the rebellion and subsequent warfare as a confessional conflict, with providence and martyrology used for polemical purposes: to demonise the enemy, demonstrate divine favour for one’s cause and support co-religionists in their struggles. This played a crucial role in articulating the period as one of religious conflict above all, as violence, suffering and other ills were narrated and understood through recognisable confessional vocabulary, imagery and tropes. The chapter also considers the importance of martyrdom and martyrology in the emerging imperial context, with victims of violence in colonies – including Ireland – described in martyrological terms that contributed to justifying empire and disguising the violent intent and reality of imperial ventures.

Is the relationship between teacher leadership and principal leadership a win-win situation or a zero-sum game? Based on the data from two rounds of the Schools and Staffing Survey, it is found that the leadership relationship is characterized by a win-win situation in six out of the seven leadership domains. The practice of win-win is more prevalent at the elementary than at the secondary level. The empirical findings on the predominantly win-win relationship between teachers’ and principals’ leadership suggest the win-win theory is not utopian and provides a foundation for integrating principal and teacher leadership to bridge the fault line for school renewal.

Although only two of the 26 principles enshrined in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration are devoted specifically to the protection of nature, they have encouraged a large number of states to conclude various international agreements of a sectoral nature, which were supplemented in 1992 by a global agreement on biodiversity. In addition to tracing the influence of the Stockholm Declaration on international nature protection law, this chapter discusses the European Union’s (EU) role in the development of international law in this field. Conversely, the chapter also looks at how EU internal rules on nature protection have been influenced by the obligations stemming from multilateral environment agreements and illustrates the cross-fertilisation that has occurred between EU and international law.

In the last decade, the number of youths engaged in transnational jihadism has been increasing, with many of them joining armed forces in the Iraqi–Syrian conflict zone and committing acts of violence in France or abroad. The terrorist attacks on the headquarters of the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo and the Bataclan concert hall and surrounding cafés in 2015 can be seen as France’s 9/11 and a turning point in its counter-terrorism policy: the war on terror had reached French soil. Against this socio-political setting, French legal institutions have been extensively mobilised. A two-year state of emergency was introduced between 2015 and 2017, gradually becoming part of common criminal law. The number of trials against individuals involved in armed groups on the Iraqi–Syrian front has reached a level unprecedented in the history of French criminal justice: terrorism has become a phenomenon of mass prosecution.

This chapter’s survey of Los Angeles’s African American literary history concentrates on how the literature of South Los Angeles and South Central, major centers of population and culture in Black LA, portrays space, history, and belonging, as well as with racism and inequality. The chapter discusses Chester Himes’s If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945), and the widespread, enduring impact of the Watts Writers Workshop, which emerged in response to the 1965 Watts Rebellion. Batiste also addresses the depiction of racism, challenges of urban life, and the promise of social revolution in works by Quincy Troupe, Kamau Daàood, Wanda Coleman, Walter Mosley, Michael Datcher, Jervey Tervalon, Sanyika Shakur, Dana Johnson, Lisa Teasley, and Paul Beatty. Batiste dedicates particular attention to the publishing ecosystem of Black popular fiction, which often escapes scholarly attention and in which several Black LA authors prospered throughout the 1990s.